余通文
【摘要】本文从中诗和英诗的不同韵律出发,通过对《楚辞》三个译本的比较研究,论证了唯有“借形传神”,以诗译诗,才能较为成功地再现《楚辞》的音美和形美。
【关键词】楚辞 音美 形美 再现
一、引言
笔者在此尝试对这几位译者的《楚辞》译本的音美和形美进行比较分析和相关探讨。
二、《楚辞》的韵律特点
《楚辞》作为一种诗歌体裁,诗篇都是通篇用韵的,绝对不会出现某一句突然没有押韵。“这些所谓无韵之句皆当和传写之误甫理解有差,并非屈宋行文时本不用韵”(汤炳
正)。
三、《楚辞》英译个案比较分析
The Lesser Master of Fate (Shao si ming)
The autumn orchid and the deer-parsley
Grow in a carper below the hall;
The leaves of green and the pure white flowers
Assail me with their wafted fragrance.
The autumn orchids bloom luxuriant,
With leaves of green and purple stems,
All the hall is filled with lovely women,
But his eyes swiftly sought me out from the rest.
…… (David Hawks)
The Young Fate
Mingled with Anise,Autumn Orchids late
In Clusters grow before the Palace Gate;
Green are their Leaves,their tender Sprigs are white;
Their Fragrance floods my Senses with Delight.
Each Mortal has a Loved One of his own,
Then why should she,the Goddess,sigh alone?
Fresh spring the Autumn Orchids tender Shoots;
Green are their Leaves and purple are their Roots.
Young Gallants throng the Palace to Entrance,
But I alone am favoured by her Glance,
Come without Word,she leaves without Farewell,
Her Pennons Clouds,she rides the Whirlwind fell.
For life to part,no Grief more Pain can move;
… … (杨宪益,戴乃迭,2001:144-145)
Song to Fate the Minor
(Sing Fate the Minor:)
Rosemary and autumn orchids bright
Grow side by side underneath the hall.
Their leaves deep green,their blooms lily-white,
Their flooding fragrance does me enthrall!
(Sing the Witch as Usherette:)
People may anyhow have their own pairs.
Why shouldn t you free yourself from th cares?
(Sing Fate the Minor:)
The answer the autumn orchids now tells:
Green leaves match the stems of a purple hue.
… … (卓振英)
四種译法都有较强的节奏感,读起来朗朗上口。
霍克斯译本在选词表意上较符合原作言辞和语气,霍克斯采用英诗霍克斯采用英诗自由体译屈原这三篇作品,即无格律无韵,其译本里没有明译原作里的“兮”字。但是他的许多译本残缺不全,有时译两句,跳两句。散文体的使用也较为常见,随意成段。杨译的韵式始终是aabb,而卓译的韵式则是abab,cc,dede,fgfg…。杨译按照英雄双行体和四行诗体翻译,韵式始终如一,显得单调呆板,跟楚辞参差错落,灵活多变的风格相去甚远。卓译巧秒地借助英诗形式,借形传神,成功地再现了原诗风格以及原诗的美学价值。
四、结语
《楚辞》在节奏和韵律上独具特色,在形式上不拘一格,参差错落。因而如何再现楚辞的音美和形美是楚辞英译的一大难点。从以上的分析,比较说明,巧妙地借助英诗的各种形式,借形传神,以诗译诗能再现楚辞的音美和形美。
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