张蒙蒙 尹玉祥
(聊城大学数学科学学院,山东聊城252059)
(λ,μ)-模糊商环及其同构定理①
张蒙蒙 尹玉祥
(聊城大学数学科学学院,山东聊城252059)
在(λ,μ)-模糊子环与(λ,μ)-模糊理想概念的基础上,讨论了(λ,μ)-模糊商环与(λ,μ)-商模糊子环的若干性质,最后建立了(λ,μ)-模糊商环的同构定理.
λ,μ)-模糊子环;(λ,μ)-模糊理想;(λ,μ)-模糊商环;(λ,μ)-商模糊子环;同构定理
1965年,Zadeh首次提出模糊集概念,创立了模糊集合论,并在此基础上形成了模糊数学这门新学科[1].1971年,Rosenfeld 将模糊集理论应用到群上,提出了模糊群的概念,形成了模糊代数学[2]. 随着代数结构的模糊化, 大批学者将模糊集理论应用到环和模上,先后提出了模糊子环、模糊理想、(λ,μ)-模糊子环、(λ,μ)-模糊理想等概念. 2008年,姚炳学所著的关于群与环上的模糊理论的书,详细地介绍了群与环的模糊理论和代数结构提升理论[3]. 本文是在(λ,μ)-模糊子环和(λ,μ)-模糊理想意义下[4],利用(λ,μ)-模糊商环的性质,建立了(λ,μ)-模糊商环及其同构理论,进一步丰富了(λ,μ)-模糊子环的内容.
在本文中,R表示一个环,λ,μ满足0≤λ<μ≤1.
定义1[4]设A为环R的模糊子集,称A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,如果对任意的x,y∈R,
1)A(x+y)∨λ≥(A(x)∧A(y))∧μ;2)A(-x)∨λ≥A(x)∧μ;3)A(xy)∨λ≥(A(x)∧A(y))∧μ.
根据上述定义,普通的模糊子环是(0,1)模糊子环,而(∈,∈∨q)模糊子环是(0,0.5)模糊子环.
定理1[4]设A为环R的模糊子集,则A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环的充分必要条件是∀x,y∈R,
1)A(x-y)∨λ≥(A(x)∧A(y))∧μ;
2)A(xy)∨λ≥(A(x)∧A(y))∧μ.
定理2[4]设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,则对任意的x∈R,A(0)∨λ≥A(x)∧μ特别地,若存在x0∈R,使得A(x0)≥μ则A(0)≥μ.
由此显然可得,若A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,则对任意的x∈R,A(0)∨λ∧μ≥A(x)∨λ∧μ.
定义2[4]设A为环R的模糊子集,称A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,如果对任意的x,y∈R,
1)A(x-y)∨λ≥(A(x)∧A(y))∧μ;
2)A(xy)∨λ≥(A(x)∨A(y))∧μ.
定理3[3]设f:R1→R2为环的同态映射,且A为R1的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,则f(A)为R2的(λ,μ)-模糊子环.特别地,若f为同态满射且A为R1的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则f(A)为R2的(λ,μ)-模糊理想.
定理4[3]设f:R1→R2为环的同态映射,B为R2的(λ,μ)-模糊子环((λ,μ)-模糊理想),则f-1(B)为R1的(λ,μ)-模糊子环((λ,μ)-模糊理想).
定理5[3]设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,a,b∈R,则
(A(a-b)∨λ)∧μ=(A(0)∨λ)∧μ⟺(A(b-a)∨λ)∧μ=(A(0)∨λ)∧μ.
设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,对任意的r∈R,定义R的模糊子集r⊕A如下:
(r⊕A)(x)(A(x-r)∨λ)∧μ,∀x∈R.
定义3[3]设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则(R/A,+○,)做成环,其中,R/A={a⊕A|a∈R}(x⊕A)+(y⊕A)(x+y)⊕A,(x⊕A)○(y⊕A)xy⊕A.
并称(R/A,+○,)为R关于A的(λ,μ)-模糊商环.
定理6[3]设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,a,b∈R,则a⊕A=b⊕A⟺(A(a-b)∨λ)∧μ=(A(0)∨λ)∧μ.
定理7[3]设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则对任意的x,y,a,b∈R,
定理8 设A,B分别为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想与(λ,μ)-模糊子环,则B/A为R/A的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,其中,B/A(r⊕A)sup{B(x)|x⊕A=r⊕A},∀r∈R.
证明 ∀x,y∈R,B/A((x⊕A)-(y⊕A))∨λ
=B/A((x-y)⊕A)∨λ
=sup{B(u-v)|(u-v)⊕A=(x-y)⊕A}∨λ
=sup{B(u-v)∨λ|(u-v)⊕A=(x-y)⊕A}
≥sup{B(u)∧B(v)∧μ|u⊕A=x⊕A,v⊕A=y⊕A}
=sup{B(u)|u⊕A=x⊕A}∧sup{B(v)|v⊕A=y⊕A}∧μ
=B/A(x⊕A)∧B/A(y⊕A)∧μ.
同理,B/A((x⊕A)°(y⊕A))∨λ≥B/A(x⊕A)∧B/A(y⊕A)∧μ.因此,B/A为R/A的(λ,μ)-模糊子环.
类似地,有
定理9 设A,B为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则B/A为R/A的(λ,μ)-模糊理想.
证明 由定理8,B/A为R/A的(λ,μ)-模糊子环.∀x,y∈R,
B/A((x⊕A)°(y⊕A))∨λ=B/A((xy)⊕A)∨λ
=sup{B(uv)|(uv)⊕A=(xy)⊕A}∨λ
=sup{B(uv)∨λ|(uv)⊕A=(xy)⊕A}
≥sup{B(u)∨B(v)∧μ|u⊕A=x⊕A,v⊕A=y⊕A}
=sup{B(u)|u⊕A=x⊕A}∨sup{B(v)|v⊕A=y⊕A}∧μ
=B/A(x⊕A)∨B/A(y⊕A)∧μ,
所以,B/A为R/A的(λ,μ)-模糊理想.
定义4[3]设A,B分别为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想与(λ,μ)-模糊子环,则B/A为R/A的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,B/A称为B关于A的(λ,μ)-商模糊子环.
定理10[3]设A为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则R/A#≅R/A,其中,
A#={x∈R|(A(x)∨λ)∧μ=(A(0)∨λ)∧μ}.
定理11[3]设f:R1→R2为同态满射,A为R1的关于f不变的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则R1/A≅R2/f(A).
推论1[3]设f:R1→R2为同态满射,B为R2的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则R1/f-1(B)≅R2/B.
定理12 设A,B分别为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环与(λ,μ)-模糊理想,则A≈A/B.
证明 令f:R→A/B,F|→F⊕B为自然同态,则f为同态满射. ∀x∈R,
f(A)(x⊕B)=sup{A(t)|f(t)=x⊕B}
=sup{A(t)|t⊕B=x⊕B}=A/B(x⊕B),
即f(A)=A/B, 所以A≈A/B.
定理13 设f:R1→R2为环的同态满射,A,B分别为R1的(λ,μ)-模糊子环与(λ,μ)-模糊理想,若B为f不变的,则A/B≅f(A)/f(B).
证明 由定理11,g:R1/B→R2/f(B),x⊕B|→f(x)⊕f(B),∀x∈R1是一个同构映射. ∀y∈R2,∃x∈R1,使得f(x)=y,所以
f(A)/f(B)(y⊕f(B))=f(A)/f(B)(f(x)⊕f(B))
=sup{f(A)(v)|v⊕f(B)=f(x)⊕f(B)}
=sup{sup{A(u)|f(u)=v}|v⊕f(B)=f(x)⊕f(B)}
=sup{A(u)|f(u)⊕f(B)=f(x)⊕f(B)}
=sup{A(u)|(f(B)(f(x)-f(u))∨λ)∧μ=(f(B)(02)∨λ)∧μ}
=sup{A(u)|(B(x-u)∨λ)∧μ=(B(02)∨λ)∧μ}
=sup{A(u)|u⊕B=x⊕B}
=A/B(x⊕B)
=g-1(g(A/B))(x⊕B)
=g(A/B)(g(x⊕B))
=g(A/B)(f(x)⊕f(B))
=g(A/B)(y⊕f(B)),
即g(A/B)=f(A)/f(B). 因此A/B≅f(A)/f(B).
推论2 设f:R1→R2为环的同态满射,A,B分别为R2的(λ,μ)-模糊子环与(λ,μ)-模糊理想, 则f-1(A)/f-1(B)≅A/B.
证明 易知f-1(A)与f-1(B)分别为R1的(λ,μ)-模糊子环与(λ,μ)-模糊理想,对任意的x1,x2∈R2,由f(x1)=f(x2)可得
f-1(A)(x1)=A(f(x1))=A(f(x2))=f-1(A)(x2),
f-1(B)(x1)=B(f(x1))=B(f(x2))=f-1(B)(x2),
所以f-1(A)与f-1(B)是f不变的,f是满射,所以f(f-1(A))=A,f(f-1(B))=B.由定理13,f-1(A)/f-1(B)≅A/B.
引理1 设A,B为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,且满足A⊇B,A(0)∨λ∧μ=B(0)∨λ∧μ, 则∀x,y∈R,x⊕B⊕A/B=y⊕B⊕A/B⟺x⊕A=y⊕A.
证明 必要性. 设x⊕B⊕A/B=y⊕B⊕A/B,则
(A/B)((x-y)⊕B)∨λ∧μ=(A/B)(B)∨λ∧μ=A(0)∨λ∧μ,
从而sup{A(t)|t⊕B=(x-y)⊕B}∨λ∧μ=sup{A(t)∨λ∧μ|t⊕B=(x-y)⊕B}=A(0)∨λ∧μ
若t⊕B=(x-y)⊕B,则B(x-y-t)∨λ∧μ=B(0)∨λ∧μ,于是
A(x-y)∨λ∧μ≥(A(x-y-t)∧A(t))∨λ∧μ
≥(B(x-y-t)∧A(t))∨λ∧μ
=(B(x-y-t)∨λ∧μ)∧(A(t)∨λ∧μ)
=(B(0)∨λ∧μ)∧(A(t)∨λ∧μ)
=(B(0)∧A(t))∨λ∧μ
=A(t)∨λ∧μ,
故A(x-y)∨λ∧μ≥sup{A(t)∨λ∧μ|t⊕B=(x-y)⊕B}=A(0)∨λ∧μ,
又A(0)∨λ∧μ≥A(x-y)∨λ∧μ,从而x⊕A=y⊕A.
充分性. 设x⊕A=y⊕A. 则A(x-y)∨λ∧μ=A(0)∨λ∧μ=(A/B)(B)∨λ∧μ,
于是(A/B)((x-y)⊕B)∨λ∧μ=sup{A(t)|t⊕B=(x-y)⊕B}∨λ∧μ=A(0)∨λ∧μ=A(x-y)∨λ∧μ=(A/B)(B)∨λ∧μ,又(A/B)(B)∨λ∧μ≥(A/B)((x-y)⊕B)∨λ∧μ,故(A/B)(B)∨λ∧μ=(A/B)((x-y)⊕B)∨λ∧μ=(A/B)((x⊕B)-(y⊕B))∨λ∧μ,所以x⊕B⊕A/B=y⊕B⊕A/B.
定理14 设A,B为R的(λ,μ)-模糊理想,且满足A⊇B,A(0)∨λ∧μ=B(0)∨λ∧μ, 若C为R的(λ,μ)-模糊子环,则(C/B)/(A/B)≅C/A.
证明 令f:(R/B)/(A/B)→R/A,r⊕B⊕A/B|→r⊕A,∀r∈R,则由引理1,f为单射,而且显然也是满射. 又∀x,y∈R,
f((x⊕B⊕A/B)+(y⊕B⊕A/B))=f(x⊕y⊕B⊕A/B)=x⊕y⊕A=(x⊕A)+(y⊕A),
f((x⊕B⊕A/B)°(y⊕B⊕A/B))=f(xy⊕B⊕A/B)=xy⊕A=(x⊕A)°(y⊕A),
所以f为同构映射. 又
((C/B)/(A/B))(x⊕B⊕A/B)=sup{C/B(r⊕B)|r⊕B⊕A/B=x⊕B⊕A/B}
=sup{sup{C(u)|u⊕B=r⊕B}|r⊕B⊕A/B=x⊕B⊕A/B}
=sup{C/B(r⊕B)|r⊕B⊕A/B=x⊕B⊕A/B}
=sup{C(u)|u⊕B⊕A/B=x⊕B⊕A/B}
=sup{C(u)|u⊕A=x⊕A}
=C/A(x⊕A)=C/A(f(x⊕B⊕A/B))
=f-1(C/A)(x⊕B⊕A/B),
即 (C/B)/(A/B)=f-1(C/A), 从而f((C/B)/(A/B))=C/A, 因此(C/B)/(A/B)≅C/A.
本文将模糊商环和商模糊子环推广到(λ,μ)-模糊商环和(λ,μ)-商模糊子环,并类比(λ,μ)-模糊商群的同构定理建立了(λ,μ)-模糊商环的同构定理,进一步丰富了模糊环理论.
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(λ,μ)-Fuzzy Quotient Ring and Isomorphism Theorem
ZHANG Meng-meng YIN Yu-xiang
(School of Mathematical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China)
Based on the concept of(λ,μ)-fuzzy subring and(λ,μ)-fuzzy ideal, seveal properties of(λ,μ)-fuzzy quotient ring and(λ,μ)-quotient fuzzy subring were discussed. Finally, the isomorphism theorems for(λ,μ)-fuzzy quotient rings were established.
(λ,μ)-fuzzy subring, (λ,μ)-fuzzy ideal, (λ,μ)-fuzzy quotient ring, (λ,μ)-quotient fuzzy subring, isomorphism theorems
2016-10-15
国家自然科学基金项目(11471152)资助
张蒙蒙,E-mail:1833448183@qq.com.
O153
A
1672-6634(2017)01-0018-04