解读表示与事实相反的虚拟语气

安徽 王玉峰（特级教师）

解读表示与事实相反的虚拟语气

安徽 王玉峰（特级教师）

与事实相反的虚拟语气包括所说的话与将来事实相反或与将来事实可能相反、与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反三种情况。除if条件句外，还有短语等也可表示条件。此外，上下文也能创造虚拟的语言环境。但有时条件从句与结果主句可能发生的时间不一致，有时虚拟语气会出现倒装情况。常见与事实相反的情况见下表（以动词do为例）。

类别项目 if从句 ____主句 _________例句与将来事实相反were to do/ should do/__________did should/would/ could/might do If it were to be/ should be/ were hot today，we will_____________not stay home.__________与现在事实相反 did should/would/ could/might do If I were you，I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.与过去事实相反 had done should/would/ could/might____________________have done If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams.______

一、与将来事实相反的虚拟语气

在与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句中，条件从句的谓语用should＋动词原形、were to＋动词原形或动词的过去式（be的过去式用were），主句用should（would，might，could）+动词原形。表示在现在看来将来发生的可能性的大小，其中should 表示的可能性最大，动词过去式的可能性次之，were to do 的可能性最小。如：

If she should invite me tomorrow，I should go to the party.如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。（真实含义是：It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow ，so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。）

If it snowed tomorrow，our plan would be put off.如果明天下雪，我们的计划就得推迟。（真实含义是：It is unlikely that it is going to snow，so our plan won’t be put off. 明天很可能不会下雪，计划不会推迟。）

【典题】（改编自2015湖北卷，30） This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you in advance that if you smoked here you_______（f ne）.

【答案与解析】would be f ned。题干中的“if you smoked here”是虚拟语气的条件句，主句用would do形式，根据句意可知用被动语态。句意：这个会议室是无烟区域。我想提前警告你：如果你在这里吸烟，会被罚款。

二、与现在事实相反的虚拟语气

在与现在事实可能相反的虚拟条件句中，条件从句的谓语用动词过去式（be的过去式用were），主句的谓语用should（would，might，could）+动词原形。如：

If he studied at this school，he would know you well.如果他在这所学校学习的话，他会对你很熟悉。（真实含义是：He doesn’t study at this school，so he doesn’t know you well. 他不在这所学校学习，所以他对你不是很熟悉。）

If there were no music，the world would be very dull. 如果没有音乐，世界将非常单调。（真实含义是：There is music，so the world is not dull. 世界上有音乐，所以并不单调。）

【典题】（2015四川卷，短文改错）If you are me ，would you talk to them?

【答案与解析】are改成were。根据句意可知，此处为虚拟语气，“你”不可能是“我”，与现在事实不相符，故把are改成were。

三、与过去事实相反的虚拟语气

在与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should（would，might，could）+have＋过去分词。如：

If they had started at two o’clock，they would have got there by now.他们如果是两点出发的，现在该到那儿了。（真实含义是：They didn’t start at two o’clock，so they haven’t got there by now.）

If they had not been content，they would have been anxious to f nd out some way to change it.如果不满意，他们早就迫切地想办法来改变它了。（真实含义是：They are content，so they weren’t anxious to find out some way to change it.他们很满意，所以并不急着去想办法来改变它。）

【典题】（改编自2015北京卷，34）If I________（see）it with my own eyes，I wouldn’t have believed it.

【答案与解析】hadn’t seen。根据“wouldn’t have believed”可以判断是对过去的虚拟，所以从句应是“if+主语+ had+done”的形式。句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。

四、混合条件句的虚拟语气

当条件从句与主句所表示的时间不一致时，主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，虚拟语气的形式应做相应的调整，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较常见的是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。如：

If I had a bike，I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行车，昨天就借给你了。（主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。）

If I had spoken to him yesterday，I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。（真实含义是：I didn’t speak to him yesterday，so I don’t know what to do now. 我昨天没有跟他说，所以现在我不知道该怎么办。）

【典题】（改编自2013北京卷，34）If we_______（book）a table earlier，we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue.

【答案与解析】had booked。根据if和主句中的“wouldn’t...here”看出是虚拟语气，主句表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句中的“earlier”提示是对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时态。句意：如果我们早点订桌的话，我们就不可能在这里站着排队了。

五、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气

虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫含蓄条件句。常见的暗示在without（如果没有），but for（要不是），otherwise（要不然），or（else）（否则）等单词或短语中。如：

Motionless，old Jolyon stared at the wall；but for his open eyes，he might have been asleep.老Jolyon一动不动，望着墙壁；除却一双眼睛还睁着外，他简直可以说是还在睡觉。（but for his open eyes= if it hadn’t been for his open eyes）

I’m not feeling very well today—otherwise I would do it myself.今天我身体不太舒服，否则这事我就亲自去做了。（otherwise = if I were feeling well today）

What would I have done without you? 如果没有你，我会怎么办呢？（without you= if it hadn’t been for you）

He must be as strong as a horse，or he never could have defeated that great beast. 他一定是力大如牛，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。（or = if he were not as strong as a horse）

【典例】（改编自2015江苏卷，34） Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison. 要不是爱迪生的发明，今天我们身边享用的很多东西都将不复存在。

【典例】（改编自2015安徽卷，32）It is lucky we booked a room，or we would have nowhere to stay now.

【典题】（改编自2015重庆卷，7）_______his wartime experiences，Hemingway wouldn’t have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

【答案与解析】Without。根据“wouldn’t have written”看出是虚拟语气，根据短文填空的要求知道没有提示词的空只填一个词，所以用Without，不用But for。句意：没有他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说《永别了武器》。

六、虚拟条件句中的倒装句

如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，则可以省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，从而形成倒装句和省略结构。注意：虚拟语气否定句的倒装结构中的助动词不用weren’t，shouldn’t，hadn’t等缩略形式，如：

Should it rain/Were it to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off.（= If it should rain/were to rain，...）

Were it not raining，we should go for a picnic. （=If it were not raining，...）

Had he seen you yesterday，he would have returned your book.（=If he had seen you yesterday，...）

【典题】（改编自2015江苏卷，28）It might have saved me some trouble________I known the schedule.

【答案与解析】had。根据题干中的“might have saved”可知，主句是对过去的虚拟，从句应用“if I had known”与主句保持一致。if虚拟条件句中含有had时，可将if省去，同时将had提前构成倒装结构。句意：如果我早知道日程安排，可能会省去我一些麻烦。

（作者单位：安徽省蚌埠市怀远第一中学）