名词性从句高考考点透析

2017-03-27 08:56安徽吴元培
教学考试(高考英语) 2017年1期
关键词:典例同位语连接词

安徽 吴元培

名词性从句高考考点透析

安徽 吴元培

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。名词性从句在功能上相当于一个名词或名词短语。分析历届高考试题,名词性从句考查主要集中在以下几个方面:

一、名词性从句的分类

1.主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句,它可以放在主句谓语动词之前。连接词that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留本身的疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当一定的成分。但为了保持句子平衡,多数情况下可用it作形式主语,而把主语从句置于句末。

【典例1】(2016江苏卷,单选改编,21) It is often the case_______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.

【解析】that。句意是:通常情况下,对于那些心存希望的人来说,一切皆有可能。句中it是形式主语,从句基本结构完整,表示“确定”,所以用that引导此主语从句。

2.宾语从句

宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词、介词以及非谓语动词的宾语。如果主句的谓语动词是及物动词make,f nd,consider,feel,think等,则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后,用it作形式宾语。另外,某些作表语的形容词,如sure,happy,glad,certain等之后也可以带宾语从句。

【典例2】(2016全国卷Ⅰ,单句改错) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.

【解析】that→where。此句是宾语从句,作“close to”的宾语,live是不及物动词,根据句意可知,此处表示地点,所以应用连接副词where。

3.表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于系动词后,有时由as if/ as though引导。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+从句。

【典例3】(2016北京卷,单选改编,29)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is________one can be entirely free from dust.

【解析】that。句意是:雨季最令人愉悦的是人们可以完全不受沙尘的困扰。is后接表语从句,表语从句基本结构完整,所以用that来引导,that无意义,只起连接作用。

【注意】当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导,而不是because。例如:

The reason why he didn’t come to the party is that he didn’t want to see Jane.

4.同位语从句

同位语从句一般跟在某些抽象名词之后,进一步说明该名词所表示的具体内容。能接同位语从句的名词有:fact,idea,news,information,belief,order,advice,suggestion等;连接词通常是that,that不作成分,只起连接作用。此外,可根据句意选用whether,what,when,where等来引导同位语从句。同位语从句的结构是:名词+连接词+从句。

【典例4】(2016天津卷,单选改编,11) The manager put forward a suggestion________we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

【解析】that。句意是:经理提出一个建议,我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。此同位语从句说明suggestion的内容,且从句成分和句意都是完整的,所以此句用that来引导。

二、名词性从句关联词的基本用法

连接词 that,whether,if,as if/as_______________________________________though只起连接作用,不充当成分_________________连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whatever,__________________________________________________________whichever既起连接作用,又在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when,where,how,why,however,wher-___________ev____________________________________________er,whenever既起连接作用,又在从句中作状语

【典例5】(2015北京卷,单选改编,35)_______we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.

【解析】How。句意是:我们理解事情的方式与我们的感受有很大关系。has之前为主语从句,根据句意可知,从句中缺少方式状语,因此此空填How。

三、连接词的特殊情况

1.引导词that省略与不可省略的情况:

(1)可省略的情况:①单个宾语从句中的that可省略;②that连接并列的宾语从句,第一个that可省略,第二个that不可省略。

(2)不可省略的情况:①主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中that不可省略;②作介词宾语、双宾语、it作形式宾语的宾语从句中that不可省略。

【典例6】(2015安徽卷,单选改编,25) A ship in harbor is safe,but that’s not_______ships are built for.

【解析】what。句意是:船停泊在港湾里是安全的,但这并非是造船的目的。系动词isn’t后跟从句作表语,表语从句中的for后缺少宾语,用what引导,what与for连用,表示目的。

2.考查引导词that与what的区别:

所引导的从句中是否缺主语、________________________________________________________表语或宾语_意义 能否省略what充当成分,含有疑问意____________________________思,无选择范围……的东西/事情/ 样子/话语 ______________否that不充当成分,无疑问意________________________________________________________思,表示“确定”_无意义 作宾语可省略

【典例7】(2016上海卷) Eventually,I decided to follow her and (26)________happened truly amazed me.

【解析】what。此句是主语从句,从句缺少主语。此处句意是:发生的事情让我感到很惊讶。所以此空填what。

【典例8】(2015北京卷,单选改编,33) I truly believe_______beauty comes from within.

【解析】that。句意是:我真正相信美源自于内心! 本句是宾语从句,从句基本结构与句意完整,因此用that来引导,that还可省略。

3.考查whether与if的区别:

whether和if的区别whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换,但作介词宾语时一般用whether___________________________后面直接跟or not 时只能用whether_____________引导主语从句且主语从句位于前面时,只能用whether_____________________________________在表语从句与同位语从句中,意为“是否”,表示不确定时,只能用whether____________________whether常与or连用,表示一种选择,if不能这样用,whether也可与动词不定式连用,但if不能动词discuss,doubt后常接whether引导的宾语从____________句,而不用if________________________________

【典例9】(2013陕西卷,单选改编,20) It remains to be seen_______the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.

【解析】whether。句意是:这项新出炉的委员会的政策能否实施还得拭目以待。It是形式主语,真正的主语为主语从句;从句基本结构完整,“有待观察”的事情应是不确定的事,而不是表陈述,所以用whether来引导主语从句,意为“是否”。

四、对名词性从句语序与时态的考查

1. 名词性从句均应用陈述句语序,即:主语+谓语;从句的引导词必须始终置于从句句首。此外,句子时态要保持主从句时态的一致性。

【典例10】(完成句子) As soon as he comes back,I will tell him_______(你什么时间来看他).

【解析】when you will come and see him 。此句是由when引导的宾语从句,从句应用陈述句语序,且从句表示将来的概念,故应用一般将来时。

2. 含有插入语的宾语从句的特殊疑问句结构为“疑问词+含有插入语的一般疑问句+陈述句”,类似的插入语结构有:do you consider,do you know,do you believe,do you suppose等,可放于句中或句末,用来征求对方的看法、推断和猜测。

【典例11】(单句改错)How long you think it will be before the computer company brings out a new product?

【解析】在you前加do。含有插入语的宾语从句的特殊疑问句结构为“疑问词+含有插入语的一般疑问句+陈述句”,所以此句应在you前加do。

五、对it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的考查

1. 为了保持句子平衡,多数情况下可用it作形式主语,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:

①It+be+形容词+that-从句__________________________________________________③It+be+名词+that-从句It is important that...重要的是……It is obvious that...很明显……______________________________________________It is a surprise that...令人惊奇的是……It is a fact/an honor/no wonder that...②It+be+-ed分词+that-从句____________________________________________________④It +不及物动词+ that-从句It is believed/said/reported that... It is known to all that...众所周知……______________________________________________It appears /seems that...似乎……How do it come about that...某事是如何发生的

2.为了保持句子平衡,用it作形式宾语,将宾语从句放于句末。常用的句型是:主语+think/believe/feel/f nd/ make/consider+it+n./adj.+从句。

【典例12】(2014山东卷,单选改编,4)Susan made_________clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.

【解析】it。此句是宾语从句,为了保持句子平衡,用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语置于句末。

【注意】it作形式宾语的固定句型有:①like/love/ enjoy/hate/dislike/prefer it when...;②sb. would appreciate it if...如果……某人会不胜感激;③sb. take/see to/insist on/ rely on/depend on/ count on it that...。

【典例13】(2014陕西卷,单选改编,21) I’d appreciate_______if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.

【解析】it。动词appreciate后接if引导的从句,appreciate后常接it作形式宾语。

六、对“疑问代词+ever”引导的名词性从句的考查

连接代词whoever,whatever和whichever均可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,且在句中充当一定的成分。whoever =anyone who;whatever =anything that;whichever=anything that/anyone who;而no matter what/who/which只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。

【典例14】(2016北京卷,单选改编,24) Your support is important to our work.______you can do helps.

【解析】Whatever。在主语从句中,do后缺少宾语,因此用whatever引导此主语从句。

七、同位语从句与定语从句的区别

同位语从句前的名词是一个抽象意义的名词,从句就是用来说明前面名词的内容;that引导同位语从句时,起连接作用,没有实际意义,在从句中不充当成分,一般不可省略。而定语从句说明名词的性质特征,对前面先行词进行修饰限定,定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,关系词代替先行词在从句中充当句子成分,作宾语时可省略。

【典例15】The news_______he told me was the news_______our team had won.

【解析】(that/ which);that。句意是:他告诉我的那个消息就是我们队获胜的消息。第一空考查定语从句,先行词“news”指物,在从句中作“told”的宾语,所以用关系代词that/which来引导,还可省略;第二空考查同位语从句,从句基本结构完整,说明“news”的具体内容,所以用that来引导。

【巩固性练习】

一、用关联词填空。

1._______is known to us all is_______Beijing and Zhangjiakou will co-host 2022 Winter Olympic Games.

2._______some teenagers don’t realize is_______difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.

3. It also gives the interview the impression_______even if you actually feel quite nervous,you’re conf dent.

4. The other day,my friend John drove his car down the street at_______I thought was a dangerous speed,which surprised everyone in the car.

5. A competent teacher is perfectly aware that it’s not what is poured into a student that counts,but_______is planted.

6. You have to know_______you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.

7. There is a strong possibility_______man will mainly depend on solar energy in the future.

8. As John Lennon once put it,life is_______happens to you while you are busy making other plans.

9. The bride and groom gave_______attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness.

10. Some people believe_______has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.

二、单句改错。

1. It is by no means clear that the president can do to end the strike.

2. To improve the quality of our products,we asked for suggestions whomever had used the products.

3. You want to know that everything is going in our school.

4. There is no doubt whether I will achieve great progress in English learning with your assistance.

5. It is never clear that the man hasn’t reported the accident sooner.

6. I went up and asked what I could help them.

7. As is known to all that millions of graduates crowd into the job market each year.

8. That you should learn is how to write down the most important words,not the whole sentence.

9. The shocking news made me realize how terrible problems we would face.

10. That the delayed f ight will take off depends much on the weather.

【参考答案】

一、1. What;that 2. What;how 3. that 4. what 5. what 6. where 7. that 8. what 9. whoever 10.whatever

二、1. that→ what 2. whomever→ whoever 3. that→ how 4. whether→ that 5.that→ why 6. what→ if/whether 7. As→ It 8. That→ What 9. how→ what 10. That→When/Whether

(作者单位:安徽省枞阳县钱桥中学)

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