语法填空中非谓语动词考点

2017-03-27 08:56安徽
教学考试(高考英语) 2017年1期
关键词:谓语宾语定语

安徽 周 辉

语法填空中非谓语动词考点

安徽 周 辉

非谓语动词是中学英语学习的重点和难点,同时,也是高考考查的重点,本文结合近年高考真题为考生剖析语法填空中的非谓语动词考点,为考生复习备考助力。非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式和动词不定式)的主要用法见下表:

功能形式 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补足语__动词的-ing形式______√____√____√__√__√_____√______动词的-ed形式______×__×__√__√__√_____√_______动词不定式___________________________________________√_√_√_√_√_√

一、考查非谓语动词作主语

动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以充当主语,但是直接考查主语的考点在语法填空中并不多见,而大多是结合it以考查形式主语的形式出现,如:

1.(2014全国卷Ⅰ,65)It took years of work________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.

2.(改编自2009广东卷,31)Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how dif ficult it was________(choose) a suitable Christmas present for her father.

【答案与解析】1. to reduce;2. to choose。两题均是考查动词不定式作主语,句中it为形式主语。考生应主动记忆一些it充当形式主语的常见固定句型,如:It’s no good/use/pleasure/fun doing...;It’s a waste of time(money)/ worthwhile doing(to do)...;It’s +adj. (noun) for (of) sb. to do...;It takes...to do...等。在这些固定句型中,it均为形式主语,真正的主语为动词不定式或动词的-ing形式。

二、考查非谓语动词作宾语

虽然动词不定式和动词的-ing形式都可以充当宾语,但是它们的用法却比较复杂,如:

1. (2016全国卷Ⅰ,67) My ambassadorial duties will include_______(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. (Key: introducing,考查动词的-ing形式作宾语)

2. (2016考试说明样题,67)Still,the boy kept_______(ride). (Key: riding,考查动词的-ing形式作宾语)

3. (2016考试说明样题,61)One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about_______(be) late for school. (Key:being,考查动词的-ing形式作宾语)

4. (2016考试说明样题,66) I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused________(stop)until we reached the next stop. (Key: to stop,考查动词不定式作宾语)

5. (2016上海卷,29) Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop________(buy) the groceries if I found out? (Key: buying,考查动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语的辨析)

可以接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词(短语)见下表:

只可以接动词不定式作宾语的常见动词(短语)agree/refuse/learn/hope/wish/pretend/manage/ offer/promise/decide/plan/choose/determine/expect/seek/tend/threaten/prepare/fail/would like/_______________________________be_supposed_to___________________________只可以接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词(短语)suggest/advise/resist/enjoy/avoid/delay/practice consider/admit/f nish/risk/tolerate/permit/allow/ adapt to/adjust to/devote oneself to/get down to/________________________________look_forward to/pay attention to_____________既可以接动词不定式又可以接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词(短语)两种形式意义相同的常见动词like/love/continue/begin/start/ hate_______________________want/need/require后接的不定式和句子的主语之间为主谓关系时,不定式用主动形式;若其后的不定式和句子的主语之间为动宾关系时,不定式用被动形式,此时也可以用动词-ing___________形式的主动形式_____________两种形式意义不同的常见动________________词(短语)____________________________remember/forget/mean/try/regret/ stop/go on

三、考查非谓语动词作表语

非谓语动词的三种形式都可以充当表语,如:

1.(2014广东卷,25)We got a little_______(sunburn),but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.

2.(2012广东卷,18)Mary felt________(please),because there were many empty seats in the room.

3.(改编自2002全国卷,32)Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,but it remains________(see)whether they will enjoy it.

4.(改编自1999全国卷,21)The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not________(make) it more diff cult.

【答案与解析】1. 在表示“变化”的系动词got后作表语,要用burnt或burned;2. felt为感官类系动词,修饰人(Mary)时,要用过去分词形式,故答案为pleased;3. remain表示“尚待”讲时,后常接不定式,此句中“it”与“see”之间为动宾关系,故答案为to be seen;4.前一分句用的是不定式作表语,与之并列的也应用不定式,所以答案为to make。

四、考查非谓语动词作定语

动词-ing形式、-ed形式和不定式都可以作定语,如:

1. (2015全国卷Ⅰ,70)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people________(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. (Key: living,考查动词-ing形式作定语)

2. (2016四川卷,63) She was a very________(care)mother. (Key:caring/careful,考查动词-ing形式作定语或形容词作定语)

3. (2016全国卷Ⅰ,66) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,when I was the f rst Western TV reporter_______(permit)to f lm a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (Key: permitted,考查过去分词作定语)

4. (2015全国卷Ⅰ,68) A study of travelers_______(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. (Key: conducted,考查过去分词作定语)

5. (2014上海卷,28) Over time,the high cost of living became a little burden on my already________(exhaust)shoulder. (Key: exhausted,考查过去分词作定语)

6. (2016四川卷,64) For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to f nd something________(eat)!(Key:to eat,考查动词不定式作定语)

【小结】1. 单个动词的-ing形式或-ed形式作定语一般位于被修饰词的前面,如上例2和5;动词短语或动词词组形式通常放在被修饰词的后面,如上例1,3和4。

2. 以-ed结尾的形容词一般修饰人,以-ing结尾的形容词一般修饰物,但是修饰face/look/expression/eye等和人的面部表情有关的名词时要用-ed形式形容词;但是有些动词只有-ing形式的形容词形式,如disturb—disturbing,demand—demanding,promise—promising,有些动词只有-ed形式的形容词形式,如devote—devoted。在语法填空中,不管作什么句子成分,是用-ing形式的形容词还是-ed形式的形容词,一定要具体问题具体分析。

3. 不定式作定语主要有三种情况:(1)被形容词最高级或序数词修饰的名词或直接就是序数词或形容词最高级,其后一般用不定式作定语;(2)通常表示一个未发生或未完成的动作,和所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系;

(3)在ability/chance/opportunity/way/duty等抽象名词后接不定式作定语。

五、考查非谓语动词作状语

非谓语动词的三种形式都可以作状语,如:

1. (2016上海卷,25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly,I began observing her daily routine for two weeks.

2. (2016全国卷Ⅲ,63) Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal_______(create)special designs.

3.(改编自2014天津卷,7)Clearly and thoughtfully________(write),the book inspires conf dence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

【答案与解析】1. Wondering。动词“wonder”与本句主语“I”构成主动关系,所以应使用现在分词wondering在句中作状语。2. to create。句意为“为了创造出特殊风格的筷子,技术娴熟的工人也会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来”,故用动词不定式表示目的。3.written。“write”和“book”之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词作状语。

【小结】1. 非谓语动词作状语,动词-ing形式作状语时,动词-ing形式和主句主语之间是主谓关系;动词-ed形式作状语时,动词-ed形式和主句主语之间是动宾关系;不定式通常作三种形式的状语:目的状语(位于句首或句尾,一般可译为“为了”“要”),结果状语(位于句尾,常和only/ never连用,表示一个“意料之外”的结果),原因状语(一般跟在表示“高兴、快乐、生气、遗憾”等和人的心理状态及情感有关的形容词后面)。

2. 作状语的非谓语动词,若其动作明显发生在主句谓语动词发生的动作之前,则要用非谓语动词的完成时形式。

3. 现在分词和过去分词作状语有一些比较特殊的固定结构,考生应适当理解掌握,使用这些结构时,非谓语动词不需要和主句主语保持一致。常用的有:considering(考虑到),judging from(根据……判断),talking of (about)(谈及),given(鉴于,考虑到)等。

六、考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语

现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式都可以作宾语补足语或主语补足语,如:

1. (2015上海卷,28)As I squeezed back into my car,I spotted the same lady_______(look) in at me.

2. (2015上海卷,31)________(shock),I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.

3. (改编自2011全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错) My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents_______(stay) another couple of days.

4. (改编自2011全国大纲卷,短文改错) Otherwise,it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship_______(last) long.

【答案与解析】1. 该句前面的“As I squeezed back into my car”是一个状语从句,根据句子成分分析,主句已经有了谓语动词“spotted”,可判断空格处应填非谓语动词形式。由于spot有一个用法是spot sb. doing,表示“看见某人正在做某事”,再结合句意“当我倒车的时候,我看到同一个女性在看着我”,可得出答案为looking,考查的是现在分词作宾语补足语。2. Shocked。空格处为过去分词作主语补足语,对句子的主语作进一步的补充说明。注意首字母要大写。3. beg sb. to do...意为“祈求某人做……”,故答案为to stay。4. make在这里为使役动词,其后要接动词原形作宾语补足语,故答案为last。

【小结】1. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语主要有以下三种用法:(1)用在感官类动词(feel/ hear/see/ watch/ notice/ observe等)后;(2)用在使役类动词(have/get/ keep/ leave等)后;(3)用在“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中。

2. 动词-ed形式作宾语补足语主要有以下四种用法:(1)用在感官类动词(feel/hear/see/watch/notice/observe等)后;(2)用在使役类动词(have/ get/ keep/leave等)后;(3)want/ wish/ like/ expect/ order等表示“希望、愿望或命令”的动词后可以用过去分词作宾语补足语;(4)用在“with +宾语+宾语补足语”结构中。

3. 动词不定式作宾语补足语主要有以下两种用法:(1)在ask/allow/permit/advise/wish/want/force/get/teach/forbid/ encourage/inspire/persuade/urge/order/invite等动词后面要用动词不定式作宾语补足语,同时要注意在具体语境中这一用法的被动结构;在with复合结构中也可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语;(2)不定式放在感官类动词(feel/see/ hear/notice/watch/observe)和使役类动词(make/have/let)后作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略,但是改为被动结构时,不定式符号to不可省略。

(作者单位:安徽省太和县第一中学)

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