郑永超,黄 燕,姜 虹
(上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院麻醉科 200011)
右美托咪定对老年高血压患者全麻诱导气管插管应激反应的影响
郑永超,黄燕,姜虹△
(上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院麻醉科200011)
[摘要]目的比较不同剂量右美托咪定对老年高血压患者全麻诱导期间气管插管引起的血流动力学反应的影响。方法将60~75岁、ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级行全麻手术的原发性高血压患者60例,分为3组,D1、D2组和对照组(C组),每组20例。D1、D2组于麻醉诱导前15 min,采用微量泵将4 μg/mL的右美托咪定分别以0.2、0.6 μg/kg剂量静脉泵入,在10 min内完成;C组以同样方法泵入0.9%氯化钠溶液。分别记录3组患者在试验用药前(T0)、诱导前(T1)、气管插管前(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、5 min(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)值。同时检测血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾上腺素(E)值。结果与用药前相比,D2组MAP在诱导前明显降低(P<0.05),C组和D1组则无明显变化(P>0.05);D2组HR在插管后1 min明显减慢(P<0.05),而C和D1组HR在插管后1 min显著增快(P<0.05)。与C组相比,D2组在诱导前、插管前、插管后1 min、插管后5 min MAP和HR均明显降低(P<0.05),SpO2仅在诱导前有所下降(P<0.05);D1组各个时点的MAP、HR、SpO2与C组相比均无明显差异(P>0.05)。与T0相比,T1时D2组血浆NE和E值降低(P<0.01);T3时C、D1组血浆NE和E值升高,D2组则降低(P<0.01)。与C组相比,T1和T3时D2组血浆NE和E值均降低(P<0.01)。结论静脉注射右美托咪定可安全抑制老年高血压患者全麻诱导时气管插管引起的血流动力学变化,维持老年高血压患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间循环功能稳定。并且0.6 μg/kg的右美托咪定比0.2 μg/kg能更加有效抑制气管插管引起的应激反应。
[关键词]高血压;右美托咪定;气管插管;全身麻醉
右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)是一种新型高选择性α2肾上腺素受体(α2AR)激动剂,有较强的镇静、抗焦虑、镇痛效应,且无呼吸抑制,已获准用于气管插管及短期机械通气期间的镇静[1-3]。因此,DEX具有潜在的降低刺激引起的高血压、心动过速的作用,理论上对老年高血压患者诱导及气管插管期间的血流动力学稳定有益。本研究旨在观察不同剂量的DEX对老年高血压患者全麻诱导期间气管插管引起的血流动力学反应的影响。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料选取2014年1~12月本院行全麻手术的原发性高血压患者60例为研究对象,其中男36例,女24例,年龄60~75岁,体质量50~80 kg,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级。所有患者均无精神病史,术前检测肝、肾功能均正常,已排除明显心肺疾病、内分泌疾病、继发性高血压、服用镇静催眠药、烟酒或药物成瘾、过度消瘦或肥胖。患者术前评估均无困难气道,全部采用快诱导经口气管插管。将60例患者随机分为对照组(C组)和DEX组(D1、D2组),每组各20例。3组患者性别、年龄、体质量、病程长短无明显差异(P>0.05)。
1.2麻醉方法术前患者常规禁饮、禁食。患者入手术室后,常规监测心电图、无创血压、心率(HR)和血氧饱和度(SpO2),并进行右桡动脉穿刺置管,监测有创动脉血压和平均动脉压(MAP),并建立静脉通道。3组患者麻醉诱导方法一致,首先予面罩吸100%纯氧,静脉注射咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg快诱导,同时进行人工辅助通气。诱导药物注射完3 min后行气管插管,术中吸入1.5%~2%七氟烷,间断追加顺阿曲库铵0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼0.05~0.1 mg维持麻醉。于诱导前15 min,D1、D2组采用微量泵将DEX分别以0.2、0.6 μg/kg剂量静脉泵入,在10 min内完成;C组以同样方法泵入等容积的0.9%氯化钠溶液。分别记录3组患者试验用药前(T0)、诱导前(T1)、气管插管前(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、5 min(T4)的MAP、HR、SpO2值。分别留取同时段静脉血5 mL(0.1%肝素抗凝),立即冷却,于30 min内200 r/min离心10 min,收集血浆,并于-20 ℃保存,用高压液相色谱仪检测血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE) 、肾上腺素(E)值。
2结果
2.1MAP变化与T0相比,D2组中MAP在T1、T2、T4都降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组和D1组中MAP在T2和T4降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组患者MAP在T3均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与C组相比,D2组在T1~T4 MAP均较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而D1与C组相比MAP各时点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间MAP变化见表1。
2.2HR变化与T0相比,D2组中HR在T1~T4均明显减慢,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D1组和C组中HR在T2、T4明显减慢,在T3则明显增快,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与C组相比,D2组中HR在T1~T4均明显减慢,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而D1组HR在各时点与C组相比均无差异(P>0.05)。3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间HR变化见表2。
2.3SpO2变化与T0相比,3组患者SpO2在T1~T4均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与C组相比,D2和D3组患者SpO2在T1显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D1组患者则在各个时点均无明显差异(P>0.05)。3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间SpO2变化见表3。
2.4血浆NE和E值变化与T0相比,T1时D2组NE和E值降低(P<0.01);T2时3组NE和E值均降低(P<0.01);T3时C、D1组NE和E值升高,D2组均降低(P<0.01)。与C组相比,T1和T3时D2组NE和E值均降低(P<0.01)。3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间血浆NE和E值变化见表4。
表1 3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间MAP变化±s)
*:P<0.05,**:P<0.01,与C组比较;+:P<0.05,++:P<0.01,与T0比较。
表2 3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间HR变化±s)
**:P<0.01,与C组比较;+:P<0.05,++:P<0.01,与T0比较。
表3 3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间SpO2变化±s)
*:P<0.05,与C组比较;+:P<0.05,++:P<0.01,与T0比较。
表4 3组患者全麻诱导及气管插管期间血浆NE和E值变化±s,ng/L)
**:P<0.01,与C组比较;++:P<0.01,与T0比较。
3讨论
DEX是美托咪定的右旋异构体,属咪唑类衍生物。它的镇静效应是由激动中枢肾上腺能受体亚型而产生的。与可乐定相比,其受体的选择性(α2/α1为1 620∶1)远高于可乐定(α2/α1为300∶1)[4],效价比可乐定高3倍。蓝斑核是其产生抗焦虑镇静作用的关键部位,有别于其他镇静剂,该药能作用于此部位产生可唤醒的镇静,配合医师的指令,体现更好的合作性。
高血压是老年人群中常见的疾病之一,也是引起患者手术期间和术后心脑血管意外的主要危险因素。麻醉诱导时进行气管内插管,会通过交感和交感-肾上腺素反射,引起高血压、心动过速[5]。尤其在老年高血压患者的麻醉诱导中,如发生这些反应,则会增加心肌氧耗和血管压力,有可能导致心力衰竭、脑梗死等严重并发症的发生。
老年高血压患者在全麻围插管期必须给予恰当评估和处理[6]。气管插管时如果麻醉镇静深度不够会导致患者血压、心率升高,血浆儿茶酚胺浓度升高等气管插管应激反应,增加了患者手术的风险,影响患者预后。抑制插管反应是麻醉诱导的目标之一。DEX可以通过中枢交感神经,阻滞和兴奋外周突触前α2受体,减少儿茶酚胺的释放,产生降血压作用[7]。Kunisawa等[8-11]报道术前给予DEX,能够降低气管插管及手术引起的血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇和内啡肽升高反应,从而降低气管插管或其他手术刺激。
本研究结果表明,与用药前基础值相比,D2组MAP诱导前、气管插管前、气管插管后5 min均明显降低,C组和D1组MAP仅在气管插管前和气管插管后5 min降低,3组MAP在气管插管后1 min均明显升高;D2组HR在用药后的4个时间点均减慢,而C组和D1组HR在气管插管前和气管插管后5 min下降,气管插管后1 min则明显增快。血浆NE和E值检测结果发现D2组的血浆儿茶酚胺水平在诱导前和气管插管后1 min较用药前均降低,而C组和D1组的血浆儿茶酚胺水平在气管插管后1 min升高。以上结果显示在老年高血压患者全麻诱导前应用DEX能抑制血浆中儿茶酚胺的释放,产生一定的降血压和心率的镇静效应,并能抑制气管插管引起的心率增快等应激反应,维持气管插管时的血流动力学稳定。
与对照组相比,D2组患者应用0.6 μg/kg的DEX后,在诱导前、插管前、插管后1 min、插管后5 min MAP和HR均明显降低,SpO2仅在诱导前有所下降;而D1组各个时间点的MAP、HR、SpO2与C组相比均无明显差异。D2组患者在应用0.6 μg/kg的DEX后,血浆儿茶酚胺水平在诱导前和气管插管后1 min均明显降低。因此在老年高血压患者全麻诱导前提前静脉给予0.6 μg/kg的DEX相比,0.2 μg/kg能更加有效地抑制气管插管引起的血压升高和心率增快等应激反应,且比较安全,未出现包括低血压、高血压、恶心、心动过缓、口干等不良反应[13]。
对于血流动力学处于代偿期或者已经不稳定的患者在全麻诱导前应用DEX要注意其潜在的危险,在给予DEX前必须全面评估患者的容量状态和心脏传导疾病。总之,DEX作为全麻诱导前的用药,能安全有效的抑制气管插管时的应激反应,保持老年高血压患者气管插管时的血流动力学稳定,对降低高血压患者围术期并发症的发生率有一定潜在意义。
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Influence of dexmedetomidine on intubation stress reactions under general anesthesia induction in senile hypertension patients
Zheng Yongchao,Huang Yan,Jiang Hong△
(Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Ninth People′s Hospital,School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200011,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo compare the influence of different doses of dexmedetomidine on the haemodynamic response caused by tracheal intubation during general anesthesia induction in senile hypertension patients.MethodsSixty patients with essential hypertension(EH) undergoing general anesthesia operation,60-75 years old,ASAⅠorⅡ,were randomly divided into the group D1,D2 and control group(C),20 cases in each group.4 μg /mL dexmedetomidine in the group D1 and D2 was intravenously pumped at 15 min before anesthesia induction with the doses of 0.2,0.6 μg/kg respectively and completed within 10 min;while the group C was pumped with sodium chloride injection by the same method.Mean artery pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR) and O2 saturation (SpO2) were monitored at before medication(T0),before induction(T1),before intubation(T2),at 1 min(T3),5 min(T4) after tracheal intubation.Meanwhile plasma norepinephrine(NE) and epinephrine(E) values were detected.ResultsCompared with before medication,MAP before induction in the group D2 was significantly decreased (P<0.05),however which in the group D1 and C had no obvious change(P>0.05);HR at 1 min after tracheal intubation in the group D2 was significantly decreased (P<0.05),while which in the group C and D1 was significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with the group C,MAP and HR before induction and tracheal intubation,at 1,5 min after tracheal intubation in the group D2 were significantly decreased(P<0.05), SpO2 was significantly decreased only before induction (P<0.01);MAP,HR and SpO2 at each time points in the group D1 had no significant differences compared with the group C(P>0.05).Compared with T0,the plasma levels of NE and E at T1 in the group D2 were decreased (P<0.01);the plasma levels of NE and E at T3 in the group C and D1 were increased,while which in the group D2 were decreased (P<0.01).The plasma levels of NE and E at T1 and T3 in the group D2 were decreased compared with the group C (P<0.01).ConclusionIntravenous injection of dexmedetomidine can safely inhibit the tracheal intubation caused hemodynamic changes and keep the hemodynamic stabilization during general anaesthesia induction and tracheal intubation period in senile hypertension patients.Furthermore dexmedetomidine 0.6 μg/kg can more effectively inhibit the tracheal intubation caused stress reactions than dexmedetomidine 0.2 μg/kg.
[Key words]hypertension;dexmedetomidine;tracheal intubation;general anesthesia
doi:论著·临床研究10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.09.021
作者简介:郑永超(1984-),硕士,住院医师,主要从事静脉麻醉药物的镇静、镇痛机制研究。△通讯作者,E-mail:yongchao0110@163.com。
[中图分类号]R614.2
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1671-8348(2016)09-1220-03
(收稿日期:2015-10-08修回日期:2015-12-17)