冯炜红,杜学明
·前沿进展·
非小细胞肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制及其治疗方案的研究进展
冯炜红,杜学明
表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR TKIs)是伴有表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的一线治疗药物之一,其可有效延长患者总生存期,但部分患者存在耐药问题。新型EGFR TKIs、EGFR TKIs联合治疗、免疫治疗及个体化治疗有望解决NSCLC患者EGFR TKIs耐药问题。本文就NSCLC患者EGFR TKI耐药机制及其治疗方案的研究进展进行综述。
癌,非小细胞肺;蛋白酪氨酸激酶类;耐药;临床方案
冯炜红,杜学明.非小细胞肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制及其治疗方案的研究进展[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2016,24(12):1-4.[www.syxnf.net]
FENG W H,DU X M.Progress on resistance mechanism and treatment protocols of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(12):1-4.
肺癌是世界范围内常见恶性肿瘤之一,也是导致患者死亡的主要原因[1]。研究表明,采用表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR TKIs)治疗的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者预后优于以铂类药物为基础的联合化疗方案,调节表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)通路及其靶向治疗可在一定程度改善晚期NSCLC患者整体治疗效果。
EGFR基因突变是NSCLC的生物学标志之一,也是其治疗靶点。研究表明,EGFR可通过激活酪氨酸激酶而控制细胞增殖和生长,最终导致肿瘤的发生发展,其中外显子19缺失和外显子21(Leu858Arg)点突变是常见的EGFR基因突变类型,占90%以上[2]。在美国,吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、阿法替尼等小分子EGFR TKIs已用于伴有EGFR基因突变的NSCLC患者的一线治疗,经EGFR TKIs治疗的NSCLC患者中位无进展生存时间(PFS)一般为10~13个月,但EGFR TKIs的原发性或获得性耐药问题较为突出。本文就NSCLC患者EGFR TKI耐药机制及其治疗方案的研究进展进行综述如下。
EGFR TKIs耐药类型主要分为原发性耐药和获得性耐药,其中原发性耐药指EGFR TKIs初治NSCLC效果不佳,而获得性耐药是指NSCLC经EGFR TKIs治疗获益一段时间后病变进展。
1.1 原发性耐药 出现原发性耐药患者多存在非经典EGFR突变,少数患者存在典型EGFR突变(外显子19缺失和Leu858Arg点突变),而在伴有非典型EGFR基因突变的耐药NSCLC患者中,外显子20插入率为4%~10%。此外,分子和基因改变也可能会降低NSCLC患者对EGFR TKIs的敏感性,如BIM基因多态性改变[3],低、中水平BIM mRNA表达等[4]。也有研究表明,胰岛素样生长因子受体1(IGF1R)、核因子κB(NF-κB)通路、肝细胞生长因子过表达、间质向上皮转化增多、间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)融合、肺癌干细胞通过notch3依赖的信号通路激活STAT3-IL6通路均可降低体外NSCLC细胞株对EGFR TKIs的敏感性[5-10]。
1.2 获得性耐药 GANDARA等[11]根据肿瘤进展程度将EGFR TKIs获得性耐药NSCLC患者分为中枢神经系统转移、局部进展和全身转移,其中中枢神经系统转移和局部转移患者可经局部治疗(手术、放疗或联合治疗)后再进行EGFR TKIs治疗[12],而全身转移患者出现EGFR TKIs获得性耐药机制又可分为EGFR继发性突变、旁路或替代信号通路激活、组织学和表型转化。
1.2.1 EGFR继发性突变 50%~60%的EGFR TKIs获得性耐药NSCLC患者存在EGFR外显子20第790位(Thr790Met)苏氨酸残基被蛋氨酸(MET)取代[13],而MET侧链可造成空间位阻,影响吉非替尼、厄洛替尼等EGFR TKIs结合ATP激酶位点[14]。此外,Thr790Met突变还可提高ATP与EGFR TKIs的亲和性,继而竞争性抑制EGFR与EGFR TKIs的结合,导致获得性耐药[15]。也有研究表明,<10%的EGFR TKIs获得性耐药NSCLC患者存在EGFR点突变,包括Asp761Tyr、Thr854Ala和Leu747Ser[16-18],但其具体机制目前尚不明确。
1.2.2 旁路或替代信号通路激活 5%~10%的EGFR TKIs获得性耐药NSCLC患者存在MET扩增,而MET扩增可导致HER3磷酸化,继而激活PI3K/AKT下游信号通路[13]。Thr790Met和MET扩增可同时出现,但MET扩增多是单独出现。肝细胞生长因子属MET基因蛋白配体,其过表达可诱导EGFR TKIs耐药[7]。临床研究表明,PIK3CA突变(占5%)、HER2扩增(占12%)、BRAF突变(占1%)、受体酪氨酸激酶AXL(占20%)及其配体GAS6(占25%)过表达均可造成NSCLC患者出现EGFR TKIs获得性耐药[19-22]。
1.2.3 组织学和表型转化 研究表明,EGFR TKIs可使EGFR突变的腺癌转化为小细胞肺癌(SCLC),而3%~14%的EGFR TKIs获得性耐药NSCLC患者存在SCLC[13,23]。SEQUIST等[19]研究发现,37例NSCLC患者中2例患者存在上皮向间质转化,即肿瘤细胞失去上皮细胞功能并转化成表达波形蛋白的梭形间质细胞[24]。
“美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)”[25]指南推荐经EGFR TKIs一线治疗后出现全身转移的NSCLC患者采用含铂类药物联合化疗方案,但目前尚缺少足够的临床证据支持。GOLDBERG等[26]进行的回顾性研究表明,NSCLC患者二线治疗有效率为14%~18%,中位PFS约为4个月,而由于EGFR突变多存在于腺癌或非鳞癌患者,因此临床可采用顺铂联合培美曲塞治疗,幸存者可继续采用序贯培美曲塞维持治疗,但也有部分患者选择继续采用EGFR TKIs治疗。
与耐药克隆相比,病变进展的克隆异质性是构成EGFR TKIs治疗中断后TKIs敏感克隆快速再生长的基础[27]。CHAFT等[28]研究结果显示,61例存在EGFR突变的肺癌患者中断TKIs治疗后疾病迅速进展(中位PFS<8 d)者14例,占23%。但有Ⅲ期临床试验表明,存在EGFR突变的肺癌患者持续应用吉非替尼会对总生存期产生不良影响,因此不应将EGFR TKIs长期治疗作为病变进展患者的常规治疗手段[29]。
2.1 二代EGFR TKIs 一代EGFR TKIs获得性耐药问题促进了二代EGFR TKIs的研发,而解决获得性耐药问题的可能途径包括不可逆地结合EGFR/HER1结构域、泛HER抑制剂、阻断配体二聚化(即HER2或HER4)及降低Thr790Met突变的NSCLC细胞活性[30],但治疗窗窄和毒副作用(常见剂量限制性毒副作用包括腹泻和皮疹)仍是二代EGFR TKIs研发过程中的主要困扰。阿法替尼属二代EGFR TKIs,目前英国国家健康临床优化研究所(NICE)已批准阿法替尼作为EGFR TKIs一线治疗的选择药物之一;MILLER等[31]研究表明,阿法替尼可有效提高NSCLC患者部分缓解率,延长PFS,但并不能达到改善患者总生存期的目的。
2.2 三代EGFR TKIs 三代EGFR TKIs可通过抑制Thr790Met突变而减少获得性耐药,但对于野生型EGFR无效,而抑制野生型EGFR表达可减轻其毒副作用、延长治疗窗。AZD9291和rociletinib是目前常用的三代EGFR TKIs,其均属不可逆性抑制剂,临床主要根据其毒副作用和患者耐受性而进行选择。
2.3 药物联合治疗 药物联合治疗是克服EGFR TKIs获得性耐药的策略之一,其主要通过靶向平行信号通路、垂直EGFR信号通路(联合EGFR阻滞)或两者联合而达到减少耐药的目的。
2.3.1 平行信号通路 平行信号通路药物联合治疗策略通过抑制EGFR通路信号而增强旁路信号通路,包括MET抑制剂、PI3K抑制剂、热休克蛋白90抑制剂和JAK抑制剂联合EGFR TKIs。
2.3.2 垂直EGFR信号通路 REGALES等[32]采用阿法替尼联合西妥昔单抗(EGFR靶点的抗体)干预EGFR TKIs获得性耐药肺癌细胞,结果显示其对厄洛替尼耐药的人肿瘤异种移植瘤(LEU858Arg或Thr790Met突变)的干预效果确切。
2.4 免疫治疗 AKBAY等[33]研究表明,PD-1通路激活可导致EGFR突变所致肺癌患者发生免疫逃避,但目前EGFR TKIs联合免疫治疗的Ⅰ期试验正在进行中,研究结果还有待发表;常用免疫治疗药物包括PD-1单克隆抗体和抗PDL-1单克隆抗体。
2.5 个体化治疗 个体化治疗是指针对NSCLC患者具体耐药机制而进行有针对性的治疗,但获得新的或重复的组织活检标本存在诸多困难,如患者因素(安全性或耐受性)、医生偏好或条件限制(多数病变进展患者无法重复活检),因此个体化治疗相关研究仍处于探索阶段。MURTAZA等[34]建议采集肺癌患者血液对循环肿瘤细胞进行分析,或分离血浆提炼无细胞循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA),即进行液体活检;研究证实,ctDNA广泛外显子分析可识别多种晚期实体瘤与获得性耐药相关的突变,也可监测到活化的EGFR突变和Thr790Met突变,等位基因突变可监测EGFR TKIs治疗期间疾病状态。研究表明,循环肿瘤细胞可监测EGFR突变且与活检结果一致性较高[35],还可监测Thr790Met耐药克隆发展情况[36]。由于液体活检较重复肿瘤组织活检操作便捷且可在一定程度上指导患者制定个体化治疗方案,因此应深入研究EGFR突变亚型对药物反应的影响,以更好地指导临床选择确切有效的EGFR TKIs,改善NSCLC患者预后。
经EGFR TKIs治疗后病变进展的NSCLC患者属异质性群体,Thr790Met突变是其最常见耐药机制,目前含铂类药物联合化疗是EGFR TKIs获得性耐药NSCLC患者经验性治疗的主流选择,而药物治疗、免疫治疗及个体化治疗是今后的研究方向。
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(本文编辑:李越娜)
Progress on Resistance Mechanism and Treatment Protocols of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
FENGWei-hong,DUXue-ming.
DepartmentofOncology,BeichenHospital,Tianjin300400,China
DUXue-ming,DepartmentofOncology,BeichenHospital,Tianjin300400,China;E-mail:duxueming_1973@sohu.com
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR TKIs)is one of first-line treatment drugs for non-small cell lung cancer patients with gene mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),can effectively lengthen the overall survival,but some patients may exist drug resistance problems.New type EGFR TKIs,combination therapy of EGFR TKIs,immunotherapy and individualized treatment are helpful to solve the drug resistance problems.This paper reviewed related papers about progress on resistance mechanism and treatment protocols of EGFR TKIs in patients with NSCLC.
Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Protein-tyrosine kinases;Resistance;Clinical protocols
国家自然科学基金(81372843)
300400天津市,北辰医院肿瘤科
杜学明,300400天津市,北辰医院肿瘤科;E-mail:duxueming_1973@sohu.com
R 730.26
A
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.12.001
2016-09-05;
2016-12-09)