提升高考英语写作能力的探索与思考

2016-03-02 08:15■闫
现代教育 2016年1期
关键词:行文词数范文

■闫 慧



提升高考英语写作能力的探索与思考

■闫 慧

正如老话所讲,“书读百遍,其义自现”,“熟读唐诗三百首,不会做诗也会吟”。语言学习重在积累,积累沉淀的语言知识和写作素材(包括各类范文和片段)越多,写作的根基就越牢固,考场上应对写作的能力就越强。因此,加强写作训练,不仅要磨合写作方法和技巧,尤其要学会把已有“知识和素材”灵活应用于创作中,这是一种很重要的写作能力。

那么,我们在写作中如何应用已有知识和素材来完成写作任务呢?

一、新车熟路

在考场上,虽然“押中”作文题的情况很罕见,但在行文结构、写作话题或所用例子等方面雷同还是完全有可能的。

优秀范文(包括近年高考作文和考前模拟试题作文)在语言、内容安排、文章结构以及连贯手法方面是我们写作的“样板”。如书信、日记、通知、发言稿以及议论文的写作都有一定的模式,行文方式比较固定,遇到同题材的作文完全可以模仿这些“熟悉套路”写作。

例一:(河南郑州2015届高三第一次质量检测)假定你是李华,王平约你本周日一同参加同学黎明的十八岁生日聚会,但你有以下几件事情不明白,请你用英语给王平写一封电子邮件进行询问。要点如下:

1.地点及开始时间;2.交通方式;3.准备礼物;4.安排及结束时间。

注意:1.词数:100左右(已给出的开头和结尾不计入总词数);

2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

Dear Wan Ping,

Looking forward to your early reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

该文要求写一封信,询问黎明生日聚会的时间、地点、购买礼物以及交通等问题。通过扫描记忆材料,不难发现该题在行文上与2014年新课标卷I作文题十分相似,完全可以套用其中询问“培训班的开始日期、班级规模、周课时、费用以及食宿方式”的“熟路”写作。

素材一(2014新课标卷I,片段):…Would you please tell me the exact start date and class size?By the way,how many school hours are there per week?Besides,I’d also like to know how much I’d pay for the course and what type of accommodation you’ll provide for me.

I’d be grateful if you’d explain to me these questions in detail.

习作一:

Dear Wang Ping,

I’m very happy to go with you to Li Ming’s 18th birthday party,but I have something unclear to ask.Would you please tell me the exact time and place to hold the party?By the way,how shall we go to the party,by bus or by bike?Besides,I’d also like to know what you have in mind if we want to get him a nice gift and how he plans the party.Any dance,singing,games or anything else?Anyway,all that counts is to have fun at the party.(93 words)

Looking forward to your early reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

习作者创造性地使用新课标范文中的表示“询问”课程的套路完成了写作,圆满地完成了试题规定的任务,实为模仿写作的佳作。

另外,范文中优秀的语句也可借用,如Here’re my tips/suggestions,My advice is as follows这样承上启下的句子就可灵活套用到有关建议的文章中。

二、移花接木

在平时所背诵积累的范文和素材(譬如建议、计划、道歉、感谢、安慰以及措施、看法或态度等),如果其内容和材料适合考场作文,那就移植到自己的文章中,既省时又省力,还不易出错,实为一剂良方。

譬如2014年新课标卷II“十年后的我”中有个要点为“业余生活”,这与2013年山东卷(假期的打算)很“对路”,范文中提供的“旅游”片段完全可以移植过来,事实上当年有很多考生的“业余生活”写的就是“旅游”。同时,2014年北京卷第一节的“道歉”部分,也可参考2013年山东卷的“未及时回信的原因及道歉”模式表述。再如:

素材二:(旅游的好处)I like traveling,because not only can travel make me relaxed but also it can widen my horizons and enrich my knowledge.It is a great way to get entertained,too.

习作二:(阅读的好处)I like reading,because not only can it make me relaxed but also it can widen my horizons and enrich my knowledge.It is a great way to get entertained,too.

素材三:(吸烟对人的危害)Smoking is bad for health.Smoking causes many illnesses,which caused millions of deaths every year.It not only does harm to smokers themselves,but also damages the health of their family.

习作三:(饮酒的危害)Drinking is bad for health.Drinking causes many illnesses,…Drinking not only does harm to drinkers themselves but also affects their families.

值得一提的是,在借用中不要太机械了,否则容易让人感到困惑。

三、改头换尾

有些书面表达范文可以经过加工,尤其是调整文章的开头、结尾方式,能完成不同文体间的转换。这种形式的磨合训练有助于同学们掌握各类文体的行文模式,不至于在格式或文体用语上出现纰漏。请看下面的例子:

素材四:(山东菏泽市2015届高三上学期联考)

Dear editor,

I’m a new teacher in a middle school(1).Now I want to tell you an impressive story in my class(2).

This morning,the students entered the classroom quickly on hearing the bell(3).But Li Ming was late for class(4).He stood outside the classroom silently(5).I walked to him and asked what had happened(6).He told me that his mother was ill and he had to buy some medicine for her(7).At the same time,he apologized to me for his lateness(8).Moved by his words,I praised him for his deeds(9).I smiled to him and let him come in(10).

From the story I felt we should respect our students and do our best to help them(11).Do you think so(12)?I’m looking forward to your reply(13).(128 words)

Yours truly,

Li Hong

该习作为一封写给报社的信,讲述了“你”的课堂上发生的事情、处理方式以及“你”的感想等,文章层次清晰,语言准确,句式多样,完成了写作任务。

通过以下方式还可以将素才四变成一篇日记:去掉句(1),(2)和(12),(13)几句话,再加上时间和天气等日记格式。见习作四。

习作四:Friday, Fine

This morning,students came into the classroom quickly on hearing the bell.But Li Ming was late for class…

另外,还可以从学生的角度通过改变人称及结尾方式来编写一篇故事或学生日记。但应记着把最后一段改为评价或看法,如From the story,we can see that our teacher did right and we are proud of such a good teacher.这样经过修改开头和结尾,以及人称、时态等,实现了“一材多用”的目的。

在考场里,如果发现要借用的是课本或杂志上的文章,因为这些文章大家都是大家耳熟能详的,因此需要适当加些“自己的东西”,否则,就有可能出现雷同作文,人云亦云,反而不易得高分。

四、扩缩自如

我们知道,全国有十几套高考试题,作文要求不尽相同,差异很大,主要体现在提示方式和文章的篇幅(词数)上。譬如北京高考写作第一节词数不少于50词,第二节不少于60词;重庆卷写作一不少于60词,写作二不少于80词;而新课标卷则要求100词左右,还有要求不少于120词的。

尽管如此,文章的构成和写作路子还是相通的,其他考区的写作范文或素材仍可“为我所用”。当遇到词数不合乎要求时,可通过“适当增加细节”或“适当删减细节”的方式来充实或压缩文章,达到规定的词数要求。请看下面的例子:

素材六:(2014北京写作第一节)

Dear Chris,

How are you getting along with your studies?

I remembered that we planned to travel to Yunnan in July.Unfortunately,I had my feet seriously injured,so I regret to tell you that we have to delay the plan.

I am really sorry about it.I have to stay at home for a few days.Can I suggest we put it off until early August?

Looking forward to your reply.(70 words)

Yours,

Joe

很明显,从篇幅上来看,上面的范文虽然满足北京卷高分的要求,但在篇幅上,不合乎新课标卷、四川卷、安徽卷、广东卷等的要求,难以得高分。若想满足这些试卷的作文要求,就要进行拓展,充实,达到100词左右。

习作六:

Dear Chris,

How are you getting along with your studies(1)?

I remembered we once made a plan that we would travel to Yunnan in July(2).But unfortunately,an unexpected accident happened when I went to school last Monday(3).I had my feet seriously injured,so I regret to tell you that I have to delay the plan(4).

I am really sorry about it(5).I have no choice but to stay at home,recovering(6).Can I suggest that we put it off until early August(7)?I hope that you can understand me(8).

Looking forward to your reply as soon as possible(9). (99 words)

Yours,

Joe

该习作通过以下三种方式进行了拓展:1)追加成分,即在某些句子前或后添加合理的有机成分,使表达更准确、细腻;如句(9)添加了as soon as possible,表达了急切心情;2)增添法,即在两个句子之间增加合理的细节;如句(3)、(6)、(8)。3)改换法,即改变表达方式,如句(2)用made a plan代替planned,且that从句代替原来的不定式(planned to travel…)。

相反,如果一篇文章过长,譬如江苏卷、湖北卷等的范文(约150词),使用新课标卷的考生则可采取删减、压缩等方式来缩编文章,以适合自己所在省份的作文要求。

由此可看出,只有积累了足够的材料,才能避免“卡壳”,才能在写作时左右逢源,游刃有余。因此,我们要重视背诵,积累语言知识和写作素材,所背材料可以是近年高考作文,各地最新模拟试题作文以及常考话题等。

以上我们介绍了几种活用已有“材料”服务写作的技巧和方法。但是应记住,我们不提倡机械地套用范文模式,倡导创造性地使用范文,“移花接木”的最高境界就是借用优秀作文触发灵感,仿其形,借其材,用其法,写出有自己特色、有亮点的文章!

临沂市平邑县教体局教研室,山东临沂 273300)

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