曹明为,刘玉兰,马静静,董卫国
·新进展·
缓解期炎性肠病伴肠易激综合征样症状机制的研究进展
曹明为,刘玉兰,马静静,董卫国
炎性肠病(IBD)是一种病因不十分清楚的慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,缓解期IBD(IBDR)患者常伴有肠易激综合征(IBS)样症状。IBS样症状的存在导致患者的生活质量降低,影响医生对病情的评估及治疗策略的选择。因此,本文对IBDR患者伴有IBS样症状的机制进行综述,得出IBDR伴IBS样症状与肠道低度炎症和神经重塑均有关联,也可能为IBD合并了IBS。
炎性肠疾病;肠易激综合征;炎症;神经重塑
曹明为,刘玉兰,马静静,等.缓解期炎性肠病伴肠易激综合征样症状机制的研究进展[J].中国全科医学,2016,19(28):3506-3509.[www.chinagp.net]
CAO M W,LIU Y L,MA J J,et al.Research progress of mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease patients with irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms during remission[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(28):3506-3509.
肠易激综合征(irritable bowel disease,IBS)是一种功能性肠病,临床症状主要表现为腹痛、排便习惯改变和粪便性状改变。炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel diseases,IBD)包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(crohn′s disease,CD),病程分为活动期和缓解期。缓解期IBD(IBDR)患者存在IBS样症状已被广泛报道[1-3]。MINDERHOUD等[1]调查了107例IBDR成人患者,其中31%UC患者和41%CD患者存在IBS样症状。2010年KEOHANE等[2]研究发现38.6%UC患者和59.7%CD患者存在IBS样症状。研究发现IBDR伴有IBS样症状比不伴有IBS样症状患者,更容易发生抑郁,生活质量降低[2-4]。而且IBDR伴有IBS样症状患者使得医生在评估疾病活动程度时更为困难,在诊断及治疗策略上难以抉择,对疼痛的评估可导致不必要的花费、过度的检查及治疗。因此,本文对IBDR患者伴有IBS样症状的机制进行综述,现报道如下。
2010年KEOHANE等[2]研究发现IBDR伴有IBS样症状与不伴有IBS样症状患者相比,粪钙卫蛋白水平更高,认为IBDR患者IBS样症状是由于低度炎症导致,而不是合并功能性肠病。2014年VIVINUS-NEBOT等[3]研究证实IBDR伴IBS样症状与低度炎症的相关性,研究者收集IBDR患者肠道活检组织,发现IBDR伴有IBS样症状与不伴有IBS样症状患者相比,组织细胞通透性增加,紧密连接蛋白、α-连环素及闭合蛋白的表达降低,活检组织细胞中上皮内淋巴细胞(IELs)、嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)表达增加,因此,认为在IBDR中,IBS样症状出现与渗透性增加导致的持续低度炎症有关。
1.1肠道微生物、肠道黏膜上皮与肠道黏膜炎症肠道柔嫩梭类菌群总量在IBD中减少已被广泛报道[5-6],LOPEZ-SILES等[7]利用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-denaturing gradient gel electtrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)研究认为IBD患者肠道柔嫩梭类菌群种类也减少。肠道柔嫩梭类菌是健康人肠道最丰富的细菌,约占总量5%。在研究2,4,6-三硝基苯黄氨酸诱导结肠的小鼠模型中发现口饲柔嫩梭菌群或其培养上清液均可以减弱其炎性反应[8]。认为柔嫩梭菌群的代谢产物可以抑制核内转录因子(NF-KB)活化和产生白介素8(IL-8)。QUEVRAIN等[9]认为这种代谢产物是一种15 kd的蛋白质,通过抑制肠道上皮细胞NF-KB途径而减轻动物模型的炎症。肠道上皮以往被认为只是肠道的机械屏障,现在认为肠道上皮可感应抗原,并释放抗炎因子、增加黏蛋白、分泌细胞因子来参与免疫反应[10]。近期有研究认为微生物介导的肠道上皮细胞凋亡可以增加肠道上皮渗透性[11]。
肠道气体对结肠内环境稳态起着重要作用,肠道气体总量及成分的平衡即肠道利用气体的还原产乙酸菌、产甲烷古菌和硫酸盐还原菌(sulphate-reducing bacteria,SRB)与产气发酵菌之间的平衡,其副产品为氢气、甲烷、硫化氢、二氧化碳。有研究描述结肠气体体积和成分的变化与肠道疾病的相关性,如便秘及IBS患者呼气中甲烷增高[12]。硫化氢是氢气在广泛存在于肠道黏膜上皮的SRB作用下的产物,在IBD患者中发现硫化氢和SRB增高[12]。氢气是一种抗氧化剂,在健康人中肠道氢气能够保护肠道黏膜不受氧化应激侵袭[12],氧化应激被认为是IBD患者肠道损伤的机制之一[13],对于IBD患者,肠道气体与肠道微生物之间的关联仍需进一步研究。
1.2心理障碍与肠道黏膜炎症临床研究表明,心理压力可以影响肠道的上皮屏障功能,导致肠道渗透性增加[14],其是IBD和IBS发病的一个重要机制[15]。如前所述,肠道渗透性的增加可以导致肠道的低度炎症。动物实验认为心理压力通过促进促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(corticotropin-releasing hormone,CRH)分泌激活肥大细胞,增加肠道渗透性。VANUYTSEL等[16]招募志愿者证明在人体也如此。OVERMAN等[17]研究认为CRH激活肥大细胞,肥大细胞分泌TNF-α和蛋白酶,导致肠道渗透性增加。同时,MORRISON等[18]研究认为对疾病持有消极态度也是导致IBS样症状的独立因素之一。
1.3饮食与肠道黏膜炎症流行病学研究显示IBD的发生率在亚洲逐年上升,尤其是工业化地区,并认为与亚洲饮食习惯逐渐趋向西方化有关[19]。很多日常饮食比如维生素、氨基酸、多不饱和脂肪酸被认为可以通过微生物调节肠道黏膜免疫[20]。饮食可以治疗IBD,这在动物实验中已得到证实[21]。DEVKOTA等[22]认为食物可以改变肠道微生物的构成来促进炎症和其他免疫性疾病。维生素D有抗炎作用,在人白细胞抗原(HLA)-27转基因老鼠中,高钙饮食可以减少肠道黏膜渗透性,缓解腹泻,其被证明可以增加肠道上皮细胞对损伤的耐受性及减少对肠道病原的免疫反应性[23]。小样本对照试验研究认为补充维生素D可以减少缓解期IBD的复发[24]。N-3多不饱和脂肪酸有抗炎作用,尽管1项对照试验发现对恢复期CD患者的复发率没有影响[25]。一项Meta分析得出低含量发酵性/寡糖/双糖/单糖及糖醇(FODMAP)的饮食可改善胃肠功能紊乱[26]。饮食可以通过改变肠道微生物构成,发挥抗炎作用,这可能为缓解期患者腹痛提供一种无不良反应且经济的新治疗方向。
支配消化道的神经分布于消化道壁内的内在神经系统和外在神经系统,其中内在神经系统,又有“肠脑”之称,是由分布在消化壁内的神经元和神经纤维所组成的神经网络,具有调节肠道的运动、感觉、分泌等生理功能。感染可引起肠道神经系统重塑。研究发现,患者在肠道病毒、细菌或寄生虫感染时,或病原体被清除及黏膜炎症消退后,可发生IBS样症状,称之为感染后IBS(PI-IBS)[27]。PI-IBS患者的结肠组织呈现低度炎症,炎症使内脏敏感性增加,且炎症后神经重塑影响肠道的运动、感觉、分泌功能[28]。
瞬时电压感受器阳离子通道(transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1,TRPV-1)在内脏神经敏感性中起着重要作用。AKBAR等[29]研究了TRPV-1与腹痛敏感性的相关性,研究者收集IBDR伴有IBS样症状患者及其肠道活检组织,用免疫组织化学法测得前者TRPV-1阳性神经元高于后者,认为TRPV-1可能在IBDR患者内脏敏感性增高和持续腹痛中起着重要作用。这为IBD伴有IBS样症状患者提供了一种治疗方向。在肠道,5-羟色胺是一种重要的神经递质和旁分泌信号分子,在内脏功能扮演重要角色。研究发现CD临床缓解期伴有IBS症状患者有更高的色氨酸羟化酶-1(TPH-1),认为5-羟色氨酸对CD患者产生IBS样症状起着重要作用[30]。不仅外周神经重塑导致的神经内分泌功能与IBS样症状有关,中枢神经亦参与IBS的形成,SCHMID等[31]进行了一项功能磁共振研究认为安慰剂可以通过减少中枢疼痛区域的激活来减少UC缓解期患者腹胀不适。
目前研究认为IBD与IBS存在一定相关性,IBS是否是IBD的一个亚型[32]?腹痛是二者常见的症状之一,但结肠黏膜上皮细胞持续分泌的干扰素α(IFN-α)导致上皮屏障的破坏,可能与IBD的腹痛相关,而与IBS的腹痛无关[3]。肠道微生物的紊乱是IBD和IBS的共同病因,但研究发现柔嫩梭类菌在IBS与IBD疾病中总量均较少,但种间仍存在差异[7]。且临床上发现益生菌对IBD和IBS患者的疗效差异很大。IBD与IBS的相关性仍需进一步研究。
KEOHANE等[2]研究认为IBDR患者存在IBS样症状是因为肠道存在神秘的低度炎症,但JONEFJALL等[33]研究发现UC缓解期合并IBS患者的粪钙卫蛋白并没有增加,这似乎说明UC缓解期伴IBS样症状的发生与肠道神秘炎症活动无关。同时,对于KEOHANE等[2]的研究,SPRAKES等[34]持怀疑态度,认为粪钙卫蛋白并不能区分IBDR出现IBS样症状是来自于疾病轻度活动还是合并了IBS。ZIMMERMAN等[4]研究发现部分儿童克罗恩疾病缓解期合并功能性腹痛(functional abdominal pain,FAP)。认为IBD-FAP患者且更容易合并抑郁。KEOHANE等[2]研究发现IBD伴IBS样症状患者的焦虑抑郁量表得分更高。但均未揭示是抑郁导致了腹痛,还是腹痛的症状让患者处于抑郁状态。抑郁是IBS的重要危险因素之一,因此IBD伴IBS样症状患者可能是IBS的高危人群。
IBDR患者存在IBS样症状已被广泛报道,IBS样症状不仅增加患者心理障碍、也使得医生在评估病情时更加困难,增加了医疗负担。医生对IBDR患者伴有IBS样症状的评估,直接影响了治疗方案的选择,若医生将IBS样症状归咎于合并IBS,而非炎症,则有可能忽略抗炎治疗而引起并发症等的发生。IBDR伴有IBS样症状与肠道低度炎症和神经重塑均有关联,也可能为IBD合并了IBS。
作者贡献:曹明为负责研究设计与实施,撰写论文;刘玉兰、马静静负责论文修改;董卫国负责论文质量控制与审校。
本文无利益冲突。
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(本文编辑:崔沙沙)
Research Progress of Mechanism of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome-like Symptoms during Remission
CAOMing-wei,LIUYu-lan,MAJing-jing,DONGWei-guo.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,RenminHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430060,China
Correspondingauthor:DONGWei-guo,DepartmentofGastroenterology,RenminHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430060,China;E-mail:dwg@whu.edu.cn
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease with not very clear causes,IBD during remission(IBDR) patients often have irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)-like symptoms.The presence of IBS-like symptoms leads to reduced quality of life of patients,and influences assessment of disease and choice of treatment strategies of doctors.Therefore,the paper reviews the mechanism of IBDR patients with IBS-like symptoms,and concludes that IBDR with IBS-like symptoms was related to intestinal low-grade inflammation and nerve remodeling,and may also have combined IBS for IBD.
Inflammatory bowel diseases;Irritable bowel syndrome;Inflammation;Nerve remodeling
430060湖北省武汉市,武汉大学人民医院消化内科
董卫国,430060湖北省武汉市,武汉大学人民医院消化内科;E-mail:dwg@whu.edu.cn
R 574
ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.28.025
2016-04-07;
2016-08-22)