骨自溶症 210 例文献病例分析

2016-01-24 07:47廖锋刘巍峰牛晓辉
中国骨与关节杂志 2016年9期
关键词:淋巴管局部病理

廖锋 刘巍峰 牛晓辉

作者单位:610072 四川省医学科学院、四川省人民医院骨科 (廖锋);100035 北京积水潭医院骨肿瘤科 (刘巍峰、牛晓辉)

.论著 Original article.

骨自溶症 210 例文献病例分析

廖锋 刘巍峰 牛晓辉

作者单位:610072 四川省医学科学院、四川省人民医院骨科 (廖锋);100035 北京积水潭医院骨肿瘤科 (刘巍峰、牛晓辉)

目的 探讨骨自溶症的临床特点与治疗情况。方法 计算机检索 PubMed、ScienceDirect、ProQuest、Springer Link 数据库,纳入 2016 年 4 月前发表的骨自溶症病例报道。提取患者的资料:性别、年龄、病变部位、症状、体征、并发症、影像特点、病理特点、治疗方法、随访时间及结果。采用描述性统计方法。结果 共纳入 151 篇文献、210 例。男女比率为 1.84∶1。中位就诊年龄 21 岁 (2 个月至 83 岁)。70%患者的病变为多发,人体所有骨骼均可起病,但以肩胛带周围及骨盆周围多见。约 80% 患者的首诊主诉为局部疼痛,其余患者则多因并发症 (胸腔积液、病理性骨折等) 就诊。影像学特征:局部骨质 (包括骨皮质及髓质) 进行性溶解消失。病理特征:残存骨周围的纤维结缔组织中,富含大小不一的薄壁脉管。约 70 例曾接受放疗,其中 32 例的放疗剂量和随访资料完整。此 32 例中,24 例病变在放疗后趋于稳定 (随访 3 个月至14 年),3 例接受放疗者,放疗后 1 年病变仍继续进展,5 例在放疗后半年至 4 年内死亡。30 余例曾接受二磷酸盐治疗,随访资料完整的 16 例中 9 例在治疗 2 年内病情趋稳,4 例在治疗后 4 个月至 3 年病情仍继续进展,剩余 3 例则在 4 个月至 4 年内死亡。接受干扰素治疗的 20 余例中,8 例治疗后 2 年内病情趋于稳定;2 例治疗后 1 年无明显疗效,改用其它方法治疗;2 例分别于干扰素治疗后 4 个月和 4 年后死亡。骨自溶症的主要并发症包括:胸腔积液 (乳糜胸)、病理性骨折、由椎体骨折导致的脊髓神经压迫,总死亡率为 13%。结论 骨自溶症为一种罕见病,症状体征无特异性,诊断主要依靠影像和病理。各种治疗方法的准确疗效尚未明确。

骨自溶症;骨溶解;破骨细胞;放射疗法;二磷酸盐;干扰素 α-2b;汇总分析

1838 年,Jackson 在 The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (现名 New Eng J Med) 上发表题为“A Boneless Arm”的个案报告:Mr. Brown,男,18 岁时(1819 年) 右肱骨干因外伤骨折。骨折愈合期间,外伤导致局部再骨折 2 次。20 年间,患者右肱骨逐渐消失。(注:此时 X 线尚未被发现和应用)[1]。

此后近百年间,有 20 余例类似的“原因不明的局部骨组织溶解消失”病例报道。作者对疾病的称谓包括:骨自溶症 (disappearing or vanishing bone disease)、大块骨溶解症 (massive osteolysis)、自发骨溶解症 (idiopathic osteolysis)、急性自发骨吸收(acute spontaneous absorption of bone)、鬼怪骨或幻影骨病 (phantom bone disease) 等。

1954 年,美国 Albany 医学中心肿瘤科医师和病理学家 Lemuel Whittington Gorham 及其同事[2]报道2 例大块骨溶解病例,同时综述了文献报道的 16 例相似病例,包括文献 [1] 报道的病例 (Mr. Brown),发现:(1) 这类罕见的骨溶解性疾病并不特发于某一骨,而可见于锁骨、肩胛骨、肋骨、胸骨、桡骨、尺骨、下颌骨、股骨、骨盆及手足骨等。骨溶解消失发生于骨皮质及髓质,缓慢进展,虽然可能自行稳定,但通常会持续至骨组织完全消失,最终遗留一条纤维结缔组织带,可能为骨膜残迹;(2) 所有患者的特征性病理表现均为血管异常,即微小的薄壁血管过度增生;(3) 病因不清,可能与外伤有关。

此后,这一问题受到近代外科病理学先驱、时任 Francis Delafield 医院病理科主任的 Arthur Purdy Stout 教授重视。其与 Gorham 合作,搜集分析了更多病例,并阅读了获得的 8 例的病理切片,提出:这些临床、影像、病理表现均相似,但称谓不一的疾病,实为同一种疾病。二者将研究报告提交美国病理学会,获得认可[3]。此后,这种“以局部骨组织逐渐被富含脉管结构的纤维结缔组织替代为特征,原因不明的罕见病”被广泛称为 Gorham 病 (Gorham’s disease,GD) 或 Gorham-Stout 综合征(Gorham-Stout syndrome,GSS)。

由于该病罕见,未曾有大宗病例报道对骨自溶症的临床特点和治疗方法进行详细阐述。为此,笔者汇综既往文献报道的病例,分析骨自溶症的流行病学、临床表现、影像特点、病理特点、治疗方法及预后,现介绍如下。

资料与方法

一、文献检索

计算机检索数据库:PubMed、ScienceDirect、ProQuest、Springer Link。检索时间:1966 年至 2016 年 4 月。英文检索词:Gorham’s disease、Gorham-Stout syndrome、Massive osteolysis、Disappearing bone disease、Vanishing bone disease、Idiopathic osteolysis、Acute spontaneous absorption of bone、Phantom bone disease。并辅以手工检索、文献追溯等方法。

二、文献纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:(1) 病例报道;(2) 结合临床、影像和病理,明确诊断为骨自溶症。

排除标准:(1) 综述;(2) 重复报道病例。

三、资料提取

提取的资料包括:患者性别、就诊年龄、发病部位、症状、体征、并发症、影像特点、病理特点 (是否有破骨细胞?特殊染色及结果)、治疗方法(是否接受放疗及放射剂量?是否使用双磷酸盐或干扰素?并发症的处理)、随访时间、随访结果。

四、统计学处理

采用 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 录入和整理数据。采用描述性统计方法。

结 果

一、文献检索结果

共检索到骨自溶症文献 151 篇[3-153],其中 2 篇文献报道病例重复[121,125],最终纳入 210 例 (表1)。

二、流行病学

男女比率为 1.84∶1 (图1)。发病年龄 2 个月至83 岁,中位年龄 21 岁,平均年龄 26.9 岁 (图2)。人体所有骨骼均可能起病,但以肩胛带周围及骨盆周围多见 (图3)。约 70% 病例为多发,病变常位于同一骨的邻近部位或邻近骨骼 (如胸椎与肋骨、肋骨与胸骨、锁骨与肱骨上段、腰椎与骨盆、骨盆与股骨近端),但不乏病灶远离的个案报道 (肋骨、颈胸椎和腓骨)[125]。

三、临床表现

骨自溶症患者的最常见症状为局部疼痛,但疼痛的性质、程度与骨溶解的速度或程度并无绝对关联:病变早期可能症状隐匿[50,111,121];而骨组织明显破坏之前,局部钝痛可能已持续数年[136]。突发局部剧痛或放射痛,则提示病理性骨折或神经压迫[119,131]。

此外,患者也可因并发症就诊。位于胸廓诸骨的病灶,常因胸腔积液 (乳糜胸) 或胸廓畸形,致患者呼吸困难[3,137,144]。位于椎体的病灶,多因病理性骨折、脊髓受压,致患者运动、感觉、两便功能障碍[131];罕见硬膜损伤,脑脊液漏,而致头痛[145]。患者内脏器官极少受累,但不乏以“腹痛、黑便”首诊者[141]。

体格检查:浅表病变,可致局部肿胀和触痛、相应肢体活动受限,甚至骨性标志 (如锁骨、胸骨、肋骨、股骨大转子) 消失,但极少伴皮肤颜色、温度等异常[26,66,127,133]。

四、影像学特点

X 线平片和 CT 检查是骨自溶症的重要诊断依据。病程早期,多表现为骨膜下或髓腔内溶骨性病变 (图4)。骨膜下溶骨多见于骨盆、肩胛骨、胸骨等不规则骨,特征性表现为“舔糖果征”(licked candy stick deformity)[36]。髓腔内溶骨常见于椎体、长骨干骺端,为地图样、边界清、边缘无或轻微硬化、无骨膜反应、无新生骨或钙化、无皮质膨胀、无软组织肿块[131]。但首诊时具有此类典型表现的病例不足 30%,多数病例病变累及骨皮质和髓质、无特异性。12% 患者首诊时伴有病理性骨折。增强 CT检查,病变无明显强化[149]。

行影像学随访,观察疾病进程,更有助于诊断。骨自溶症特征表现为:局部骨质进行性溶解消失。疾病进展速度不一,但通常需要数月甚至数年才能观察到变化。

不同病变的 MRI 表现不尽一致。多数病变及周围区域在 T1和 T2加权像上均为高信号[127];少数病变区域则表现为 T1低信号,T2高信号[150]。MRI 表现差异可能与病变内水、脂质、含铁血黄素等成分含量差异有关。Carbó 等[146]穿刺病灶发现内含乳糜样液体,而 Vinée 等[36]穿刺病灶则发现内含淡黄色清亮液体。

放射性同位素骨扫描结果差异较大:活跃期病变的放射性常轻度不均匀增高,随后则可能降低、甚至缺损 (图5)[127,138]。

五、病理特点

Gorham 和 Stout[3]最早详述骨自溶症的病理特征:残存骨组织边缘可见纤维结缔组织,其中富含蔓状增生的薄壁脉管,内皮细胞生长不活跃,无细胞异型性,偶见少量坏死灶或淋巴细胞浸润,无新生骨。之后报道的病例,除部分可见破骨细胞数量增多外,病理表现与 Gorham 和 Stout 所述均无明显差异 (图6)。

薄壁管腔是血管还是淋巴管的争论长期存在:部分病理医师因在管腔内看到红细胞而认为其为血管,未看到血液细胞的病理医师则认为其为淋巴管[2]。免疫组化技术的应用及淋巴管内皮细胞特异标记物的发现,最终促成该难题的解答。两种常用的淋巴管标记物为淋巴管内皮细胞透明质酸受体 1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1,LYVE-1)、D2-40 (跨膜糖蛋白 Podoplanin 的受体)[154-155]。近年来,多项研究发现:骨自溶症病灶区的松质骨、皮质骨及软组织内的薄壁脉管内皮细胞 LYVE-1 或 D2-40 染色呈阳性[85,90,94,115,128,130,141],而正常骨组织染色阴性[156]。表明:病灶中的薄壁脉管为淋巴管,而非血管。

细胞周期核抗原 Ki-67 的单克隆抗体 MIB-1,可以识别处在 G1、S、G2 和 M 期的细胞,而不识别G0 期的细胞,因此被用于检测细胞的增殖活性,是判断病变良恶性的重要标记物。2009 年,Elisabeth 等[94]使用 MIB-1 行骨自溶症病变组织免疫组化染色,结果呈阴行或弱阳性,表明病灶中淋巴管内皮细胞非单抗隆,即病变非肿瘤。

六、治疗与预后

骨自溶症的治疗包括两方面:尽快稳定病灶、预防或处理并发症。

(一) 稳定病灶

1. 放疗:鉴于 X 线放射治疗骨血管瘤成功的报道,1958 年,Johnson 和 McClure[7]首次尝试使用X 线治疗骨自溶症:对 1 例 29 岁女性患者左半骨盆病变区行总共 33.2 Gy 的 X 线照射。X 线照射后30 个月复查,患者下肢功能改善,局部骨破坏减缓、疼痛减轻。

至今报道的所有骨自溶症病例中,约 70 例曾接受放疗,其中 32 例的放疗剂量和随访资料完整、可及 (表1)。24 例 (75%) 患者病变在放疗后趋于稳定 (随访 3 个月至 14 年),甚至开始形成新骨,其放疗剂量平均为 36.1 (20~46) Gy;3 例 (9.4%) 患者放疗后随访 1 年,病情继续进展,其剂量分别为10 Gy、30 Gy、40 Gy;5 例 (15.6%) 患者放疗后半年至 4 年内死亡,死因为呼吸衰竭 (4 例) 和肾衰竭继发感染 (1 例),这 5 例患者放疗剂量平均为 32.7 (22.5~40) Gy。

放疗剂量与疗效的关系难以明确,但考虑到预后良好组患者较预后不良组患者接受的放疗剂量大,部分学者认为对骨自溶症病变区的放疗剂量应>36 Gy[118]。

2. 二磷酸盐:1969 年,Bassett 将二磷酸盐用于治疗骨化性肌炎,并取得成功[157]。此后二磷酸盐被广泛用于治疗 Paget 病、骨质疏松、骨转移癌等多种骨科疾病。其基本药理机制为:高选择性地吸附于骨表面,进而被破骨细胞摄取,破骨细胞体内的二磷酸盐则抑制其募集、分化和再吸收活性[158]。

1996 年,Devlin 等[39]发现 1 例骨自溶症患者血清中 IL-6 含量为正常值上限的 7 倍、患者血清能促进体外培养的正常人骨髓细胞分化成为破骨细胞样多核细胞,从而推测骨自溶症的病因为破骨细胞增多和功能亢进,并据此建议患者使用二磷酸盐治疗:静脉输注帕米磷酸二钠,9 个月内患者血清IL-6 含量逐渐下降,骨破坏减缓。

至今有 30 余例骨自溶症患者曾接受口服或静脉制剂的二磷酸盐 (帕米膦酸二钠、氯磷酸二钠、唑来膦酸、阿仑膦酸、伊班膦酸) 治疗 (表1)。随访资料完整、可及的 16 例中,9 例 (56.3%) 在治疗后2 年内病情稳定;4 例 (25.0%) 在治疗后随访 4 个月至 3 年,疾病仍继续进展;其余 3 例 (18.8%),则在治疗后 4 个月至 4 年内死亡,死于呼吸衰竭者2 例,肾功能衰竭继发感染者 1 例。上述病例,均未出现下颌骨坏死、食道癌、眼部炎症和心房纤颤等严重并发症。

3. 干扰素:重组人干扰素 α-2b (interferon α-2b,IFNα-2b) 最初被研制和批准用于治疗病毒感染。在治疗 HIV 感染患者时,偶然发现其对卡波西肉瘤的生长有明显抑制作用[159]。之后基础研究证实,IFNα-2b 能抑制肿瘤血管新生[160]。鉴于此,1996 年,Frankel 等[45]首次尝试使用 IFNα-2b 治疗骨自溶症:对 1 例伴胸腔积液且放疗无效的骨自溶症患者,皮下注射 INFα-2b (第 1 个月 3 MU / 天,之后 5 MU / 天),治疗结束后 6 周,患者胸腔积液消失,全身状况明显改善。

随后 INFα-2b 被广泛用于治疗骨自溶症,尤其是伴有乳糜胸的患者。至今已报道 20 余例,其中12 例随访资料完整、可及 (表1):8 例 (67%) 治疗后 2 年病情趋于稳定;2 例 (17%) 治疗后 1 年无明显疗效,改用其它方法治疗;2 例 (17%) 治疗后分别于 4 个月和 4 年死亡,死因均为难以控制的呼吸衰竭。

4. 其余药物:其余被尝试用于治疗骨自溶症的药物包括:维生素 D[5-6,131]、降钙素[119]、OK-432 (肿瘤免疫治疗药物)[61,81,151]、糖皮质激素[45,97]、贝伐单抗[107]、伊马替尼[85,107]和西罗莫司[130]。

(二) 并发症的预防和处理

骨自溶症的并发症包括但不限于:胸腔积液(乳糜胸)、病理性骨折、由椎体病理性骨折导致的脊髓神经压迫。这些并发症导致患者总死亡率为 13%。

1. 胸腔积液 (乳糜胸):胸廓 (胸椎、肋骨、胸骨) 受累的患者,约 80% 并发乳糜胸,可能因周围淋巴管损伤所致。患者胸腔内可长期引流出大量淋巴液,单纯采用胸导管结扎、胸膜固定等方法往往不能彻底缓解。继发肺部感染和呼吸衰竭可致患者死亡[3,28,62,92,117,121,130]。随着呼吸重症监护技术的进步和促病灶稳定药物的应用,目前 50% 患者可维持生命至骨破坏停止、胸腔积液逐渐减少,但胸廓畸形、心肺功能不全等遗留问题,使患者生存质量较差,需要长期随访和治疗[12,62,88,97,115,138,141,143]。

2. 病理性骨折和脊髓神经压迫:若骨破坏已终止,为预防或治疗病理性骨折,可根据病变位置及骨破坏程度,恰当采用钢板螺丝钉固定[86-87]、髓内钉固定[119]、自体或异体骨移植[6,148,150]、人工关节置换[55,122]、球囊扩张骨水泥填充[145]等一种或多种方法,恢复骨骼的运动、支持和保护功能。

对处于疾病进展期,且病理性骨折发生风险较高的患者,宜制动或行外固定 (石膏、支具、外固定架等);而如果病理性骨折已经发生,须充分权衡各种固定方式的利弊,尽可能避免采用对局部损伤较大的手术治疗,因为进行性的骨破坏导致内固定失败的风险极高[85,122]。

如果椎体病理性骨折合并脊髓神经受压,须尽快行减压手术,但术后神经功能难以完全恢复。约30% 患者因瘫痪卧床,并发营养不良、肺部感染等疾病,于骨折后数年内死亡[85,131,133,137,142]。

讨 论

一、发病机制

骨自溶症的病因至今不清。因部分患者诉或轻或重或近期或久远的局部外伤史,Gorham 和 Stout[3]推测:创伤后局部新生肉芽组织,大量血液通过其中丰富且扩张的毛细血管时流速缓慢,导致局部缺氧和 pH 值降低。缺氧、低 pH 值和血管的机械力三者共同促进骨吸收,而与破骨细胞无关。但由于外伤与骨自溶症的因果关系难以确立,之后一些病例病理检查发现破骨细胞数量增加,活性增强[8,9,49,55,58],该假设未得到承认。

近年来,多项研究发现骨自溶症患者血液中多种细胞因子含量异常 (表2),其中血管内皮生长因子 A (vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGF-A)、血管内皮生长因子 C (vascular endothelial growthfactor C,VEGF-C) 和血小板衍生因子 BB (plateletderived growth factor-BB,PDGF-BB) 能促进间充质干细胞向血管和淋巴管内皮细胞分化,白介素 6 (Interleukin-6,IL-6) 则是较强的破骨细胞刺激因子。基于上述研究成果,目前业内普遍认为骨自溶症由局部骨代谢失衡、破骨功能亢进导致,但是代谢失衡的起始诱因不详。

二、诊断标准

骨自溶症的诊断,需结合临床、影像和病理。1983 年,Heffez 等[25]提出骨自溶症的诊断标准:(1) 病灶内富含微小血管 (positive biopsy with the presence of angiomatous tissue);(2) 无细胞异型性(absence of cellular atypia);(3) 无或仅有轻微骨化或钙化 (minimal or no osteoblastic response or dystrophic calcifications);(4) 有明确的局部骨组织进行性溶解吸收的证据 (evidence of local bone progressive osseous resorption);(5) 非膨胀性、非溃疡性病变 (nonexpansile,non-ulcerative lesions);(6) 无内脏受累 (no involvement of viscera);(7) 影像表现为骨溶解 (osteolytic radiographic pattern);(8) 无遗传、代谢、肿瘤、免疫、感染疾病史 (negative hereditary,metabolic,neoplastic,immunologic,or infectious etiology)。

该标准得到业内普遍认可。但考虑到近年研究证实病灶内薄壁脉管为淋巴管;发现内脏受累的病例。上述标准可以修订为:(1) 影像:局部进行性骨溶解,非膨胀性;(2) 病理:残存骨边缘为纤维结缔组织,其内富含薄壁淋巴管;细胞缺乏异型性;无或仅有轻微骨化或钙化;(3) 排除:肿瘤、感染、代谢、免疫、遗传等可能导致骨溶解的疾病。

三、鉴别诊断

骨自溶症的诊断难点在于须与所有可能导致骨溶解的疾病鉴别,包括多种罕见病 (表3)。

1. 骨内血管瘤 (haemangioma):骨内血管瘤常见于椎体和颅骨,少见于长骨。一般为薄壁的毛细血管瘤或海绵状血管瘤,由大小不一、充满血液的腔隙组成。此外,病灶内还可见骨小梁特异性改变:与应力方向一致的骨小梁数量减少,残留骨小梁不同程度增粗,而与应力方向不一致的骨小梁完全被侵蚀。因此其典型的 X 线或 CT 表现为“网格状”、“栅栏状”或“斑点状”。骨皮质大多有不同程度的膨胀、变薄,但很少破裂,可伴有针状骨膜反应[161]。

2. 淋巴管瘤 (lymphangioma):淋巴管瘤呈浸润性生长,无完整包膜,切面呈海绵状;单层内皮细胞形成的管腔内充满淡黄色清晰液体。周围骨组织因扩张的管腔压迫而萎缩。X 线表现为多发性或多囊性膨胀性溶骨性病变,病变大小不一,边界清楚,皮质可变薄并向外膨出,一般无钙化和软组织肿块。发生于长骨的病变,可伴有层状骨膜反应或放射状骨针,此时在骨质破坏处偶尔可见软组织肿块[162]。

3. 淋巴管瘤病 (lymphangiomatosis,generalized cystic lymphangiomatosis,generalized lymphatic anomaly):淋巴管瘤病以淋巴管异常扩张为特征,可发生于任何组织器官。鉴别要点为:淋巴管瘤病骨病变仅位于骨髓腔内,不累及骨皮质;多伴有内脏受累;淋巴管腔扩张为囊状,形态异常[163]。

4. 其余原发非特异骨溶解性疾病 (Hardegger 分型;骨自溶症为 IV 型)[164]:

I 型:显性遗传性多发骨溶解,多于 2~7 岁起病,早期表现为手足部无明显诱因出现疼痛和肿胀。腕骨和跗骨溶解破坏于数年内持续进展,并常于青春期终止,但存在成年后再次发作的可能。

II 型:隐性遗传性多发骨溶解,除可能伴有全身严重骨质疏松外,其余表现与 I 型类似。

III 型:伴有肾病的非遗传性多发骨溶解,以儿童期进行性腕骨溶解破坏为主要特征,跗骨病情较轻;发病早期即可能出现蛋白尿,青春期时,患者常因肾衰竭或恶性高血压死亡。

V 型:Winchester 综合征,常染色体隐性遗传,以儿童期腕骨和跗骨溶解破坏为主要特征,伴有肢体挛缩、骨质疏松、身材矮小、皮肤肿物、角膜云翳,不伴肾病。病理可见异常纤维母细胞和纤维组织。

四、治疗策略

目前研究认为:骨自溶症为局部代谢性疾病,而非肿瘤。因此,其治疗策略与骨肿瘤的治疗策略有所不同。骨自溶症的治疗包括两方面:稳定病灶、预防或处理并发症。

稳定病灶的方法和药物众多,包括放疗、二磷酸盐、干扰素、贝伐单抗、伊马替尼等。由于难以进行对照研究、疾病本身可能自行稳定、患者常同时接受多种治疗,各治疗方式的有效性无法准确评估,也尚未有治疗指南公布。考虑到疾病持续进展可能会导致严重并发症,如果无相应禁忌,可建议患者采用一种或多种方式进行治疗。手术是预防或处理骨相关并发症的主要手段,但通常仅对骨溶解已终止的病变有效。对骨溶解尚未终止的病变实施手术务必谨慎,因为持续的骨溶解导致内固定失败的风险极高[85,122]。而目前尚未有单纯依靠手术,成功实现去除病灶、终止骨溶解的报道。

由于骨自溶症罕见,通过单次影像学检查,甚至结合穿刺活检结果,也往往难以明确诊断。为避免误诊误治,行影像学随访较直接病灶刮除或切除更恰当,这也是公认的良性不明骨病变的处理原则。

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(本文编辑:李贵存)

Clinical characteristics and management of Gorham’s disease: a pooled analysis of 210 cases

LIAO Feng, LIU Wei-feng, NIU Xiao-hui. Department of Orthopedics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, PRC

NIU Xiao-hui, Email: niuxiaohui@263.net

ObjectiveGorham’s disease (GD) is a rare disorder characterized by spontaneous resorption of bones. This study aims to analyze the patients’ clinical characteristics, the value of different treatment modalities and their influences on the clinical outcomes. MethodsA literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Springer Link were performed, and all clinical reports about GD published before April 2016 were included. Gender,age, site of lesion, symptom, sign, complication, image characteristics, pathological features, management, followup time and results of every patient were extracted. ResultsA total of 210 cases of GD in 151 papers were enrolled for analysis. The male-to female ratio of this disease was 1.84:1, and mean age of diagnosis was 21 years (from 2 months to 83 years). Although GD could affect any bone in the body, it frequently affected the maxilla, clavicle, ribs,thoracic vertebrae, pelvis and femur. Areas of bone resorption could arise in a single bone (30% cases) or in multiple contiguous bones (70% cases). Patients with GD might initially presented with insidious onset of localized pain (80% cases), dyspnea, fracture, or functional impairment. Plain X-rays and computed tomography, initially, showed radiolucent foci in the intramedullary or subcortical regions and, later, slowly progressive disappearance of a part of a bone. In sections of the affected bone, numerous dilated thin-walled endothelial-lined vessels could be observed in fibrous tissues. The mechanism of bone resorption had not been clarified, but many studies implied GD was a metabolic disease, caused by hyperactivity of osteoclasts. Radiotherapy, bisphosphonates and interferon alpha 2b were widely used to prevent resorption of the bone. About 70 patients underwent radiotherapy, among them, follow-up data of32 patients were available: 24 cases had the disorder locally controlled, 3 had a symptom progression and 5 died in four years. More than 30 patients received treatment with bisphosphonates, follow-up data of 16 patients were available: 9 cases had the disorder locally controlled in two years, 4 had a symptom progression and the other 3 died in four years. More than 20 patients received treatment of interferon alpha 2b, 8 cases of them had the disorder locally controlled in two years, 2 had a symptom progression in one year and the other 2 died in four years.The mortality of GD was 13%,and prognosis was worse if the patient present with neurological complications or chylothorax. ConclusionsGD has no specific symptoms and it should be taken into consideration when an unclear massive osteolysis occurs. The diagnosis of GD is mainly based on the imaging and pathological examination. The efficacies of different treatment modalities are still unpredictable and further research is required to assess the value of those treatments.

Gorham’s disease;Osteolysis;Osteoclasts;Radiotherapy;Bisphosphonates;Interferon alpha-2b;Pooled analysis

10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.09.007

R591.44

牛晓辉,Email: niuxiaohui@263.net

2016-05-28)

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