左祥荣 徐 健 解卫平
1.南京医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科,江苏南京 210029;2.南京医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科,江苏南京 210029
4-苯基丁酸抑制内质网应激反应改善大鼠肺动脉高压右心衰竭的实验研究
左祥荣1徐 健2解卫平2
1.南京医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科,江苏南京 210029;2.南京医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科,江苏南京 210029
目的 探讨内质网应激(ERS)分子伴侣4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)对野百合碱(MCT)所致肺动脉高压(PAH)大鼠右心衰竭的影响。方法32只SD大鼠分为空白对照组(CON组)、空白对照+4-PBA组(CON+PBA组)、MCT模型组(MCT组),MCT+4-PBA治疗组(MCT+PBA组),每组各8只,MCT(60 mg/kg)腹腔注射建立PAH大鼠右心衰竭模型,造模后4-PBA(500 mg/kg)灌胃4周,右心导管测量右心室收缩压(RVSP)和平均肺动脉压(mPAP),计算右心肥厚指数(RVHI),HE染色观察右心形态学变化,ELISA法测定氨基末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平,Westen blot检测右心室葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)及C/EBP环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合转录因子同源蛋白(CHOP)的表达。结果与CON组比较,MCT组大鼠mPAP、RVSP、RVHI、NT-proBNP明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),心肌细胞明显肥大,GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与MCT组比较,MCT+PBA组大鼠mPAP、RVSP、RVHI、NT-proBNP明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),心肌细胞肥大明显改善,GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达下调,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 ERS在PAH、右心衰竭发生过程中发挥重要作用,而4-PBA可以改善右心衰竭,其机制可能与抑制ERS有关。
肺动脉高压;右心衰竭;内质网应激;4-苯基丁酸
肺动脉高压 (pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)是一组由多种原因引起的、进展迅速、预后极差的疾病,其特点是肺血管阻力进行性增加,导致右心室后负荷增加、右心肥厚和衰竭[1]。PAH的治疗取得了相当大的进展,但仍无法“治愈”[2],右心肥厚、衰竭是PAH患者预后的主要决定因素[3]。因此,积极探索PAH右心衰竭的发病机制和治疗措施尤为重要。大量研究已证实内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulumstress,ERS)及其介导的凋亡参与代谢性疾病、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病等多种疾病的发病[4]。此外,ERS在PAH发病中也起着重要作用,抑制ERS可降低肺血管阻力、减轻肺血管重构和右心肥厚[5]。4-苯基丁酸(4-phenylbutyric acid,4-PBA)是一种重要的ERS相关化学分子伴侣,具有调节ERS的作用。本研究采用野百合碱(monocrotaline,MCT)建立经典的大鼠PAH、右心衰竭模型,从ERS的角度观察4-PBA对右心衰竭大鼠右心室ERS标志蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78)及C/EBP环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合转录因子同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)的影响,以探讨4-PBA能否通过抑制ERS对右心衰竭起保护作用。
1.1 实验动物
SPF级健康雄性SD大鼠32只,体重(250±10)g,上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限责任公司提供,合格证号:2008001642652。实验过程中对动物的处置符合南京医科大学实验动物伦理委员会的规定。
1.2 实验药物和试剂
野百合碱(MCT,Sigma,美国),单克隆鼠抗GRP 78抗体(Abcam,美国),单克隆鼠抗CHOP抗体和ECL发光液(Cell Signaling Technology公司),二抗(Santa Cruz公司),内参为单克隆鼠抗 GAPDH(Bioworld Technology,美国),NT-proBNP ELISA检测试剂盒(武汉华美生物工程有限公司),PVDF膜(Millipore公司,美国)。
1.3 主要仪器
16通道生理信号记录分析系统 MP100型和TSD104A压力传感器(BIOPAC Systems,Inc.,美国),高速低温离心机5810R型(eppendorf,德国),紫外分光光度计756型(上海光学仪器厂),Bio-Rad VersaDoc凝胶成像系统(Bio-Rad,美国),奥林巴斯光学显微镜BX53型(Olympus,日本)。
1.4 方法
1.4.1 动物分组与模型制备 将32只大鼠随机分为4组:空白对照组(CON组)、空白对照+4-PBA治疗组(CON+ PBA组)、野百合碱模型组(MCT组),野百合碱+4-PBA治疗组(MCT+PBA组),每组8只。实验第1天MCT组和MCT+PBA组,每只大鼠分别给予MCT腹腔注射(60 mg/kg);CON组和PBA组给予等量NS腹腔注射。PBA组和MCT+PBA组每日给予4-PBA 500 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,CON组和MCT组每日等量NS灌胃。
1.4.2 血流动力学测定 实验第28天,各组大鼠称重后,20%乌拉坦腹腔注射麻醉(1.0 g/kg),参考文献[8]的方法,经右颈外静脉插入微型导管至右心室、肺动脉,导管另一端相连压力传感器,用16通道生理信号记录分析系统,记录右心室收缩压(RVSP),平均肺动脉压(mPAP)。然后采用颈椎脱臼法处死大鼠,迅速开胸取出心脏,分离右心室(RV)和左心室+室间隔(LV+ S),吸干水分称重,计算RV/(LV+S)以反映右心肥厚指数(RVHI)。取部分右心室组织甲醛固定,另取部分-80℃下保存。
1.4.3 形态学观察 将甲醛固定后的右心室心肌组织制成常规石蜡制片,行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,光学显微镜下观察病理形态学变化。
1.4.4 氨基末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)测定
开胸取出心脏前,先从大鼠右心室取血3 mL,4℃下离心3000 r/min,15 min,取上层血清按说明书操作步骤测定NT-proBNP水平。
1.4.5 Western blot检测 从-80℃冰箱取出各组大鼠右心室心肌组织,每组3只,RAPA裂解,提取总蛋白,BCA法测蛋白浓度,各组取30 μg蛋白样本,以10%SDS-PAGE变性凝胶电泳分离后,电转移到PVDF膜上,用5%脱脂奶粉37℃封闭1 h后,分别加入GRP78抗体(1∶5000稀释)、CHOP抗体(1∶1000)及GAPDH抗体 (1∶4000)4℃孵育过夜,TBST洗涤后,再加入相应HRP标记的二抗 (1∶5000稀释),37℃孵育60 min,TBST洗涤,ECL显影,以GAPDH为内参,采用Quantity One软件分析结果。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS l5.0统计软件进行数据统计分析,正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,多组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 4-PBA对MCT引起的大鼠mPAP、RVSP、RVHI和NT-proBNP的影响
与CON组比较,MCT注射4周后MCT组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、RVHI和NT-proBNP显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。灌服4-PBA 4周,CON+PBA组与CON组比较,上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MCT+PBA组与MCT组比较,上述指标明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1 各组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、RVHI和NT-proBNP的比较(n=8,)
表1 各组大鼠的mPAP、RVSP、RVHI和NT-proBNP的比较(n=8,)
注:与CON组比较,*P<0.05;与MCT组比较,#P<0.05;CON:空白对照;CON+PBA组:空白对照+4-苯基丁酸治疗组;MCT组:野百合碱模型组;MCT+PBA组:百合碱+4-苯基丁酸治疗组;mPAP:平均肺动脉压;RVSP右心室收缩压;RV/(LV+S):右心室/左心室+室间隔;NT-proBNP:氨基末端B型利钠肽前体;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
组别 mPAP(mmHg) (mmHg) RV/(LV+S) NT-proBNP(ng/L)RVSP CON组CON+PBA组MCT组MCT+PBA组13.63±1.92 13.00±1.69 37.75±4.68*18.86±2.95#31.13±3.48 30.38±4.66 78.38±9.68*49.0±8.16#0.25±0.02 0.26±0.02 0.55±0.06*0.36±0.04#179.16±38.26 205.75±102.13 797.45±293.57*351.18±125.45#
2.2 4-PBA对MCT引起的右心室形态学变化的影响
光镜下CON组大鼠右心室心肌细胞排列整齐,分布均匀,大小较为均一,而MCT组心肌细胞出现排列紊乱、肌间隙增宽,心肌细胞明显肥大、纤维增生;MCT+PBA组心肌细胞接近CON组,排列无紊乱、细胞肥大及核大不明显、纤维增生不明显。见图1。
2.3 4-PBA对MCT诱导的大鼠右心室心肌细胞GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达的影响
MCT注射4周后,与CON组比较,MCT组GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而给予4-PBA 4周,与CON组比较,CON+PBA组GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与MCT组比较,MCT+PBA组GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图2、表2。
图1 4-苯基丁酸对各组大鼠右心室心肌组织形态学变化的影响(HE染色,400×)
图2 4-苯基丁酸对各组大鼠右心室心肌GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达的影响
表2 各组GRP78和CHOP蛋白相对表达量(n=3,)
表2 各组GRP78和CHOP蛋白相对表达量(n=3,)
注:与CON组比较,*P<0.05;与MCT组比较,#P<0.05;CON组:空白对照组;CON+PBA组:空白对照+4-苯基丁酸治疗组;MCT组:野百合碱模型组;野MCT+PBA组:百合碱+4-苯基丁酸治疗组;GRP78:葡萄糖调节蛋白78;CHOP:C/EBP环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合转录因子同源蛋白
组别 GRP78 CHOP CON组CON+PBA组MCT组MCT+PBA组0.477±0.106 0.420±0.106 0.793±0.170*0.487±0.121#0.337±0.074 0.323±0.067 0.613±0.113*0.413±0.042#
由于左右心室在胚胎起源、结构和功能等方面均存在明显差异[7],常用于治疗左心衰竭的方法在右心衰竭中往往效果不佳,提示两者发病机制存在明显差异,右心肥厚、代偿和衰竭可能有着独特机制[7]。大量研究表明ERS在缺血/再灌注、动脉粥样硬化及心力衰竭等左心疾病的发病中具有重要作用[4],但ERS是否参与右心肥厚与衰竭的发生发展尚不明确。
GRP78主要分布在内质网腔,能促进未折叠蛋白正确折叠、修饰、保护内质网功能[8],它能够敏感地感受到ERS的激活,是ERS标志性分子之一[9]。在心力衰竭动物模型和患者的心肌标本中均发现GRP78蛋白表达明显增加[10-11]。GRP78可以作为降低ERS程度的一个治疗目标[12]。GRP78表达增加是机体的一种自我保护和修复机制,但随着应激强度增加或时间延长,导致ERS过度,无法通过GRP78表达增加来代偿,则诱导ERS凋亡相关分子CHOP、caspase-12、JNK等表达增加[13],细胞凋亡。而ERS介导的细胞凋亡可能是心肌细胞代偿性肥厚发展至衰竭的一个重要的恶化因素[13]。研究已证实,CHOP介导的细胞凋亡,促进压力负荷诱导的心肌肥厚和衰竭[14],而细胞凋亡也参与右心衰竭的发生发展[8]。本实验结果显示,CON+PBA组GRP78、CHOP表达不明显(P>0.05),而MCT注射4周后大鼠右心室GRP78、CHOP表达明显增加(P<0.05),这就提示ERS参与了右心衰竭的发生发展,并且ERS过度诱导CHOP介导的细胞凋亡,促进了右心衰竭。
研究表明,4-PBA能通过减轻ERS,对左心肥厚和衰竭起保护作用[15-17]。在PAH动物模型,4-PBA可以降低肺血管阻力、肺血管重构和右心肥大[18-19]。本研究发现4-PBA明显降低MCT诱导的PAH大鼠mPAP、RVSP、RVHI和NT-proBNP的升高,并且抑制GRP78,CHOP蛋白表达上调。其机制可能是4-PBA作为ERS分子伴侣促进内质网蛋白质的正确折叠,减轻ERS的严重程度,进而促使GRP78和CHOP转录和翻译减少,抑制细胞凋亡,发挥心脏保护作用。因此,抑制ERS相关的细胞凋亡可能是治疗心力衰竭的一个新的靶点[20]。
综上所述,ERS参与PAH、右心衰竭的发生发展,4-PBA显著减轻GRP78的表达,并抑制CHOP介导的细胞凋亡,改善PAH大鼠的右心功能,具有防治PAH右心肥厚与衰竭的潜能,但有关分子机制尚需进一步深入研究。
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Study of 4-phenylbutyric acid ameliorating right ventricular failure in pulmonary artery hypertension rats by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress
ZUO Xiangrong1XU Jian2XIE Weiping2
1.Department of Critical Care Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029,China;2.Department of Respiratory Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 210029,China
Objective To investigate the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)molecular chaperone 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA)on right ventricular failure in pulmonary artery hypertension rats induced by monocrotaline(MCT). Methods 32 SD rats were divided into four groups:black control group (CON group),black control+4-PBA group (CON+PBA group),MCT model group(MCT group),MCT+4-PBA treatment group(MCT+PBA group),with eight rats in each group.Right ventricular failure was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of MCT(60 mg/kg),after molding, 4-PBA (500 mg/kg)gavage were given for 4 weeks,mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP)and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP)were measured by right cardiac catheterization,right ventricular hypertrophy index(RVHI) was calculated as the weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle plus septum,the right ventricular histopathological changes were observed by HE,the level of serum N-terminal B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)was determined by ELISA,and the level of ERS related proteins glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78)and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)protein expressions in right ventricle were determined by Westen blot.Results Compared with CON group,the levels of mPAP,RVSP,RVHI and NT-proBNP were obviously increased in MCT group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05),the degree of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was significantly,and the levelof GRP78 and CHOP protein expression were upregulated significantly,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with MCT group,the level of mPAP,RVSP,RVHI,and NT proBNP in MCT+PBA group obviously decreased,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05),the degree of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy showed improved,and the GRP78 and CHOP protein expression were lower,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion ERS plays an important role in the process of right heart failure induced by PAH,and 4-PBA can improve right heart failure,its mechanism may be related to inhibiting ERS.
Right ventricular failure;Pulmonary artery hypertension;Endopiasmic reticuium stress;4-phenylbutyric acid
R332
A
1673-7210(2015)11(c)-0004-05
2015-08-25本文编辑:苏 畅)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81200159);江苏省“六大人才高峰”项目(2012-WS-028)。
左祥荣(1978-),男,副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师;研究方向:重症医学以及肺动脉高压。