that和what用法小议

齐菊花

That和what引导从句的用法是高中生的头疼大事，然而几乎每年高考都会考查that和what的用法。本文试从区分、巧用和拓展三个角度探究它们的用法，以供广大考生参考。

一、区分that和what

That有双重身份，既可以作关系代词，又可以作从属连词。作为关系代词的that，可以引导定语从句，它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物，that本身在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，充当宾语时，that可以省略。如：Mrs Smith （that） you met yesterday is a friend of mine.作为从属连词的that，用来引导名词性从句，在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，且无词义。其中，当that 引导单个宾语从句时，可以省略，如：They realize （that） it is of great value to keep their original language.但出现以下情况时，一般不能省略：

He knew what happened and that she was worried.（引导第二个宾语从句或之后从句的that）

The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（介词后的that）

The school made it clear that the students would have three days off.（前有it作形式宾语）

That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.（主语从句）

My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about the matter immediately.（表語从句）

I didn’t receive the news that the meeting had been put off.（同位语从句）

What不引导定语从句，它是名词性从句的重要连词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，它的基本含义为“……的内容”。例如：

What he said is not true.（主语从句，what作said的宾语）

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.（宾语从句，what作从句的主语）

She is no longer what she was 5 years ago.（表语从句，what作从句的表语）

You can have no idea what he said.（同位语从句，what作said的宾语）

掌握了that和what的区别，还要了解what=all that，例如：

She never has enough time for all that she wants to do.

what

二、巧用that和what

灵活地运用that和what，可以从分析从句的类型及空缺处在从句中的成分两方面入手。若从句是定语从句，首选that作引导词；若是名词性从句，且空缺处作从句的主语、宾语或表语，则what该填补那个空缺；若从句成分不缺或意思完整，应选无词义的只起连接作用的that。现以近五年的高考题为例。

[考例]I want to be liked and loved for？摇？摇？摇 ？摇 I am inside.（2010 北京）

A. who B. where C. what D. how

[解析]选C，后半句为宾语从句，what 在从句中作表语。

[考例]When the news came？摇？摇？摇 ？摇 the war broke out，he decided to serve the army.（2011 辽宁）

A. since B. which C. that D. because

[解析]选C，横线部分为同位语从句，且从句中成分完整、意思完整，选that来连接。

[考例]It is by no means clear？摇 ？摇？摇？摇 the president can do to end the strike.（2012 全国I）

A. how B. which C. that D. what

[解析]选D，后半句为主语从句，what作从句的宾语。

[考例]It’s good to know？摇 ？摇？摇？摇 the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away.（2013山东）

A. what B. whose C. which D. that

[解析]选D，横线之后是主语从句，且从句中成分完整、意思完整，选that来连接。

[考例]Please send us all the information？摇？摇 ？摇？摇 you have about the candidate for the position.

（2014 陕西） A. that B. which C. as D. what

[解析]选A，后半句是定语从句，先行词是物，且被all修饰，选that引导，that作宾语。

三、拓展that和what

1.that

在名詞性从句中，若从句不缺成分，是否一定得选that呢？请看下面两题：

？摇？摇？摇 ？摇 he will succeed is unknown. /？摇？摇 ？摇？摇 he will succeed is certain.

A. That B. What C. Whether D. Which

[解析]显然这两题的答案是不一样的，分别是C和A。原因何在？因为前句表达的是一个否定的概念，不选whether意思不完整，后句表达的是一个肯定的概念。

我们在选择从句的引导词时，应考虑主句和从句的联系。一般来说，若主句表达的是一个肯定的意义，首选that，反之，则选whether。

[考例]The limits of a person’s intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but？摇？摇？摇 ？摇 he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.（2012 安徽）

A. where B. whether C. that D. why

[解析]选B，主句表达的是一个疑问的意义，whether符合该语境。

[考例]It remains to be seen？摇？摇 ？摇？摇 the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.（2013陕西）

A. that B. which C. what D. whether

[解析]选D，主句表达的是一件不太确定的的事情，whether符合该语境。

此外，还应记住一些固定结构：

It’s believed/considered/ordered/reported/required/said/suggested/supposed/thought/well-known that...

It must be admitted/pointed out that...

It’s obvious/certain/clear/possible/probable/strange/a pity that...

A story goes that.../There’s no doubt that...

同时注意此类结构和as引导的定语从句，以及 what引导的名词性从句的区别，如：

It’s reported in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.（主语从句）

As is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.（定语从句）

What’s reported in the newspaper is that talks between the two countries are making progress.（主语从句）

2.what

What可以引申为“……的人/地点/时间/速度/话语”等，如：

He is no longer what he used to be. （what=the person that）

The soldiers soon reached what was once an old temple which the villagers used as a school .（what=the place that）

After what seemed a long time，he managed to work out the math problem. （what= the time that）

The other day，my brother drove his car down the street at what I thought was a dangerous speed .（what=the speed that）

Do you remember what the headmaster said at the parents’ meeting？（what=the words that）

What surprised me most was that he was chosen monitor. （what=the thing that）

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. （what=the amount that）

3.that和what的整合

这两个词的整合通常表现在what和that引导的名词性从句中，如：

What made the school proud was that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.

What is troubling me is that I don’t know what is to be done with the machine.

这两个词的整合还表现在what引导的名词性从句和that引导的定语从句中，如：

You can only be sure of what you have at present；you cannot be sure of something that you might get in the future.

根据语境逻辑分析，可以整合what和其他词，如：

What they are most interested in is how they can produce more and better cars.

What surprises me is that she doesn’t even know where the difference between the two lies.

What they are most interested in is how they can produce more and better cars.

What she couldn’t understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.