中考英语从句用法易错点剖析

2015-07-13 20:42胡发高
试题与研究·中考英语 2015年1期
关键词:语序主句先行

胡发高

近年来中考英语试题中,涉及从句的考点主要是对宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句的用法的考查。由于受汉语表达习惯的影响及英语中某些易混词语的干扰,学生在使用这些从句时容易出错。下面结合近三年部分地区的中考英语真题,详细剖析从句用法的易错点。

一、宾语从句中的易错点

1.易出现“语序”和“时态”错误

(1)宾语从句不能用疑问语序,而要用陈述语序。但由于受who,what,which,when,where,why,how等疑问词的影响,当这些词引导宾语从句,特别是当主句也是疑问句时,容易出现“语序错误”。例如:

Could you please tell me who that girl is standing over there? 你能告诉我站在那边的那个女孩是谁吗?(不能说who is that girl standing over there)

Do you know when we shall have the final examination? 你知道我们什么时候举行期末考试吗?(不能说when shall we have the final examination)

(2)考查宾语从句的同时还考查时态辨异。除特殊情况外,宾语从句的时态有“对应原则”,即:如果主句的时态是一般过去时,那么宾语从句的时态则常是与“过去”相关的时态,此时,我们应根据句意选用一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时或过去将来时;如果主句是一般现在时,宾语从句的时态则根据具体语境来定。例如:

Mike said that he was born in 1978. 迈克说他出生于1978年。(主句用一般过去时,从句叙述的是过去的情况,因此用一般过去时)

I heard that our team had won the match. 我听说我们队已经赢得了比赛。(主句用一般过去时,从句叙述的是已发生的情况,因此用过去完成时)

I can see that your hometown is really beautiful. 我看得出你们的家乡真是美极了。(主句用一般现在时,从句叙述的是现在的情况,因此用一般现在时)

I believe that he will be back in half a month. 我相信他半个月后就会回来。(主句用的是一般现在时,而从句叙述的是将来的情况,因此用一般将来时)

【真题链接】

1.(2014年广州卷) I dont understand such a silly question in class yesterday.

A. why did John ask

B. why John asked

C. why is John asking

D. why John asks

2.(2014年黔西南卷) —Could you tell me ?

—You can take the No. 1 bus.

A. how can we get to Xingyi Airport

B. how we can get to Xingyi Airport

C. how do we get to Xingyi Airport

D. how we got to Xingyi Airport

3.(2014年北京卷) —Do you know the meeting?

—Tomorrow morning.

A. when they had

B. when they are going to have

C. when did they have

D. when are they going to have

4.(2014年宜宾卷) Her mother didnt tell her then.

A. where is the MH370 flight

B. where the MH370 flight is

C. where was the MH370 flight

D. where the MH370 flight was

5.(2014年临沂卷) —Dad, can you tell me to the amusement park?

—The day after tomorrow.

A. when we are going

B. when we went

C. when are we going

D. when did we go

6.(2014年鄂州卷) —Can you tell me?

—In three days.

A. when will they go to the Science Museum

B. how long they have been in New York

C. how soon they will go to see the children left at home

D. what time will they attend the meeting

7.(2014年重庆B卷) —Could you please tell me ?

—Two months ago.

A. when did you take this photo

B. when you took this photo

C. where did you take this photo

D. where you took this photo

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为B。A项和C项均为疑问语序,不正确;D项虽是陈述语序,但时态与句中的yesterday不符;只有B项既是陈述语序,又符合时态要求。

第2题答案为B。A项和C项均为疑问语序,不正确;D项虽是陈述语序,但时态与问路的语境不符;只有B项符合题意。

第3题答案为B。C项和D项均为疑问语序,不正确;A项虽是陈述语序,但与答语“Tomorrow morning.”的时态不符;只有B项的语序和时态表达均正确。

第4题答案为D。A项和C项均为疑问语序,不正确;B项虽是陈述语序,但与主句的时态不一致;D项where the MH370 flight was是正确答案。

第5题答案为A。C项和D项均为疑问语序,不正确;B项虽是陈述语序,但时态与答语的the day after tomorrow不符;只有A项的when we are going既是陈述语序,又符合时态要求。

第6题答案为C。答语“In three days.”表示从句的动作发生在“三天之后”,因此要用how soon they will go to see the children left at home;A项和D项为疑问语序,均不符合题意。

第7题答案为B。答语“Two months ago.”是过去时间,因此要用when you took this photo;D项表达的是“拍照的地点”,不符合题意;A项和C项均为疑问语序,也不符合题意。

2.易出现“语境理解”错误

近年来,考查宾语从句的试题开始变得“刁钻”,逐步朝着“语境理解”的方向发展。也就是说,所给的四个选项用的都是陈述语序,而且时态都相同,唯有从句引导词不同。解答这样的试题,必须从分析语境入手,从而选出由适当的词引导的宾语从句。如果是对话题,通常要以理解答语的意思为突破口。

【真题链接】

1.(2014年河北卷) I have some tickets for the basketball match. I wonder .

A. where you buy the tickets

B. why you like to go there

C. if youd like to come along

D. when you watch the match

2.(2014年河南卷) —Excuse me, can you tell me ?

—Sorry, I dont know. You can go to the information desk.

A. that there is a train

B. when the train leaves

C. which train can I take

D. where does the train go

3.(2014年安徽卷) —Its so late. Why not write the report tomorrow?

—But I dont know I can do it if not now.

A. why B. when

C. howD. where

4.(2014年德州卷) —Could you tell me ? Daming will pick you up at the train station.

—At 16:00 this Sunday.

A. where you met him

B. who you are coming with

C. why you came here

D. what time you are arriving

5.(2014年南京卷) —David, could you tell me ?

—Every four years.

A. when the 2014 World Cup will finish

B. how often the World Cup takes place

C. how many teams take part in the WorldCup

D. who may score the most goals in the World Cup

6.(2014年呼和浩特卷) I hear they are going to London, but I dont know they will stay there.

A. how soonB. how often

C. how longD. how fast

7.(2014年宁波卷) —Id like to visit Kate tomorrow. Do you know ?

—Sorry, I dont know her address, either.

A. why she lives there

B. who she lives with

C. where she lives

D. how she lives

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为C。所给的选项都是陈述语序,并且都用一般现在时。由于前一句的意思是“我有两张篮球赛的门票”,那么后面就应该是“不知你是否愿意和我一起去观看”,因此本题应选择由if引导的宾语从句。

第2题答案为B。所给选项的时态都是一般现在时。由于C项和D项是疑问语序,予以排除;再按常识分析,本题对话的地点是火车站,旅客的问题应该是“火车何时开出”,因此本题应选择由when引导的宾语从句。

第3题答案为B。所给的选项都是连接副词。由于答语中有if not now,表明本句意思应该是“可我不知道如果现在不写,我何时才会有时间写”,因此本题应选择由when引导的宾语从句。

第4题答案为D。所给的选项都是陈述语序。由答语“At 16:00 this Sunday.”可知,本题应选择由what time引导的宾语从句。

第5题答案为B。所给的选项都是陈述语序。由于答语“Every four years.”表示时间频度,因此本题应选择由how often引导的宾语从句。

第6题答案为C。前半句的意思是“我听说他们将要去伦敦”,按常识分析,紧接着应该是说“可我不知道他们将在那里逗留多长时间”,因此本题应选择由how long引导的宾语从句。

第7题答案为C。所给选项的时态都是一般现在时。由答语“I dont know her address, either.”暗示上一句问的是“她住在哪里”,因此本题应选择C项。

二、定语从句中的易错点

1.“误用关系代词”造成的错误

有关定语从句的试题,绝大多数都是考查关系代词用法辨异。指“人”用who或that,指“物”时用which或that,这是常规用法。下面两点特别容易出错:

(1)指“物”的先行词被the only、序数词、形容词最高级等词修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词常用that。

(2)先行词既有“人”又有“物”时,关系代词要用that。

【真题链接】

1.(2014年河南卷) “Underground” is the only word in the English language begins and ends with the letters “und”.

A. whatB. that

C. whoD. whom

2.(2014年黄冈卷) —In a text message, 88 means Byebye.

—And another example is F2F stands for face to face.

A. thatB. who

C. whomD. it

3.(2014年滨州卷) —Do you know the girl is talking with our teacher?

—Oh, shes my sister.

A. whoB. whose

C. whomD. where

4.(2014年绍兴卷) I really like the photo of my family my sister took in the city park last year.

A. whichB. who

C. whatD. whom

5.(2014年咸宁卷) —Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China (《舌尖上的中国》)?

—Yeah! Its the most funny one I have ever seen.

A. thatB. what

C. whichD. where

6.(2013年安徽卷) I still remember the college and the teachers I visited in London years ago.

A. whatB. who

C. thatD. which

7.(2013年孝感卷) Teenagers like reading the books are written by Guo Jingming.

A. whoB. what

C. whoseD. that

8.(2013年枣庄卷) Most of my classmates prefer loud music they can dance to.

A. thatB. who

C. whoseD. where

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为B。定语从句的先行词是word,word前有the only修饰,因此定语从句要用that引导。句意为:“underground”是英语中唯一一个以字母“und”开头和结尾的单词。

第2题答案为A。定语从句的先行词是F2F,指“文字”,stands for face to face前缺少主语,因此定语从句要用that引导。

第3题答案为A。定语从句的先行词是girl,从句谓语动词is talking前缺少主语,因此要用who来引导定语从句。

第4题答案为A。定语从句的先行词是photo,从句谓语took是及物动词,空格处缺少的是指“物”的关系代词(做took的宾语),因此要用which。

第5题答案为A。定语从句的先行词one前有形容词最高级the most funny修饰,因此定语从句要用that来引导。

第6题答案为C。定语从句的先行词the college and the teachers既指“物”又指“人”,故只能用that做定语从句的关系代词。

第7题答案为D。定语从句的先行词是books,故空格处应用关系代词that。

第8题答案为A。定语从句的先行词是music,空格处缺少的是指“物”的关系代词做dance to的宾语,因此要选用that。

2.“误用关系副词”造成的错误

(1)when,where,why等关系副词可以引导定语从句来修饰先行词:when指时间,其先行词是表示时间的名词;where指地点,其先行词是表示地点的名词;why指原因,其先行词是reason。请看例句:

I will never forget the day when I joined the League. 我永远忘不了入团的那一天。

This was the city where he once worked twenty years ago. 这就是他二十年前曾经工作过的城市。

The reason why I didnt come this morning is that it rained hard. 我今天早上没来的原因是雨下得太大。

(2)如果先行词the day或the place是定语从句的宾语时,就不能用关系副词when或where引导定语从句,而要用关系代词which或that来引导。

【真题链接】

1.(2014年枣庄卷) He is unlikely to find the school he taught 50 years ago.

A. whereB. when

C. howD. why

2.(2013年黄石卷) This is the school we visited last year.

A. thatB. where

C. whoD. whose

3.(2013年十堰卷) The Palace Museum is the best place Ive ever visited.

A. thatB. which

C. whereD. what

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为A。定语从句的先行词是the school,表示地点,taught在该从句中用作不及物动词,因此要选用where引导定语从句。

第2题答案为A。定语从句的先行词也是the school,也表示地点,但由于从句中的visit是及物动词,visit与the school是动宾关系,因此只能用关系代词that引导定语从句,而不能用关系副词where。

第3题答案为A。定语从句的先行词是place,表示地点,但由于从句中的visit是及物动词,visit与the place是动宾关系,因此只能用关系代词that引导定语从句,而不能用关系副词where。

3.“误用所有格代词”造成的错误

his,their,our,its等是人称代词所有格,而关系代词所有格是whose,两者极易混淆而被误用。whose在定语从句中既可以修饰“人”,也可以修饰“物”。例如:

I visited an actor yesterday whose name is known all over the country. 昨天我去拜访了一位全国知名演员。(不能用his name)

The car,whose engine was damaged in the last accident, has been repaired. 那辆车现在已修好了,其发动机曾在上次事故中遭到损坏。(不能说its engine)

【真题链接】

1.(2014年泰安卷) —Which is your new neighbor, Liu Hua?

—The man Tshirt is red.

A. thatB. who

C. whichD. whose

2.(2013年荆门卷) She is the girl invention got the first prize in the school competition.

A. whoB. that

C. whichD. whose

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为D。Tshirt前缺少的部分表示“他的”,故要用whose引导的定语从句。

第2题答案为D。invention前缺少的部分表示“她的”,故要用whose引导的定语从句。

4.“省略关系代词”造成的错误

关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时常可省略,但是在定语从句中做主语时不可省略。例如,下面这两个句子都是错误的:

I have just heard from my friend lives in Australia.

He still wears the old overcoat has been worn for many years.

第一句中friend是先行词,后面的定语从句lives in Australia缺少关系代词who或that做主语;第二句中overcoat是先行词,后面的定语从句has been worn for many years前缺少关系代词which或that做主语。

【真题链接】

1.(2014年临沂卷) After Mandela was free (自由的) in 1990, he chose to shake hands with the people wanted to kill him.

A. whoseB. which

C. /D. who

2.(2014年漳州卷) There are some words can cross countries and culture, such as “OK”, “huh” and “mama”.

A. whatB. which

C. /

3.(2013年白银卷) A Wechat (微信) is an invention can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feeling freely.

A. whichB. who

C. whoseD. /

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为D。先行词是people,定语从句“ wanted to kill him”缺少主语,而做主语的关系代词不能省略,因此要选用who来引导定语从句。

第2题答案为B。先行词是words,定语从句“ can cross countries and culture”缺少主语,做主语的关系代词不能省略,因此要选用which来引导定语从句。句意为:有些词语可以跨越国界和文化,例如“OK”“huh”和“mama”。

第3题答案为A。先行词是invention,定语从句“ can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feeling freely”缺少主语,因此要选用which来引导这个定语从句。

5.因“主谓不一致”造成的错误

由于关系代词指代的就是前面的先行词,因此,先行词的人称和单复数就决定了定语从句的谓语形式。由于who,which和that看似单数,因此它们引导定语从句时容易出现“主谓不一致”的错误。例如:

I, who am your friend, ought to help you. 作为你的朋友,我理当帮助你。(不能说who is your friend,因为先行词是I)

People who have trouble in language can talk by using signs. 有语言障碍的人可以用手势沟通。(不能说who has trouble,因为先行词people 是集体名词)

【真题链接】

1.(2014年达州卷) —What kind of movies do you like?

—I like movies scary monsters.

A. which hasB. that have

C. what hasD. why have

2.(2014年呼和浩特卷) People overweight need more water than thin people.

A. who isB. which are

C. that isD. who are

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为B。先行词是指物的复数名词movies,定语从句的谓语也要用复数形式,因此要选用that have。

第2题答案为D。先行词是指人的集体名词people,定语从句的谓语也要用复数形式,因此要选用who are。

6.因在非限制性定语从句中误用that而出错

虽然关系代词that既可指人也可指物,但在非限制性定语从句中,指人要用who,指物要用which。

【真题链接】

(2013年安徽卷) Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, made one of the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true.

A. itB. that

C. whatD. which

【答案与解析】

此题答案为D。分析句子可知,逗号之后是一个非限定性定语从句,可锁定正确答案是which。这是因为that不能引导非限定性定语从句,予以排除;what和it均不能引导定语从句,也应排除。

三、状语从句中的易错点

英语中的状语从句有九类:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句。在使用这些从句时,易出现以下错误:

1.“时态”错误

时间状语从句和条件状语从句即使表示“将来”概念,谓语也要用一般现在时,不能用一般将来时。另外,如果主句谓语是“would+动词原形”,if引导的从句中谓语则要用一般过去时,表达与事实完全不符的假设。例如:

She will phone you as soon as she gets to Beijing. 她一到北京就给你打电话。(不能说as soon as she will get to Beijing)

If weather permits, well go for a picnic next Sunday. 如果天气许可,下周日我们将去野餐。(不能说If weather will permit)

If I were a bird, I would fly to send the letter for you. 如果我是一只鸟,我就为你飞着去送这封信。(“如果我是一只鸟”是与现在事实完全不符的假设,因此谓语要用过去式were。)

【真题链接第一组】

1.(2014年重庆B卷) Your uncle will come to see you as soon as he here.

A. arrivesB. arrived

C. will arriveD. is arriving

2.(2014年东营卷) Eating and drinking on Beijing subway is not allowed. If you the rule, youll face a fine (罚款) of up to 500 yuan.

A. brokeB. break

C. will breakD. have broken

3.(2014年宜宾卷) —Come and join us, Betty!

—Im afraid I cant. Im too busy now. If I time, I would certainly go.

A. haveB. have had

C. will haveD. had

4.(2014年威海卷) —Alan! Why are you so late?

—Sorry! When I home, I met one of my old friends.

A. wentB. am walking

C. has goneD. was walking

5.(2014年南京卷) —Lily, why are you still here? School is over for half an hour.

—Because I my task yet. I still need one more hour.

A. wont finishB. didnt finish

C. havent finishedD. hadnt finished

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为A。虽然时间状语从句表达的是“将来”概念,但其谓语仍要用一般现在时。

第2题答案为B。主句的谓语是“will+动词原形”,if引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。

第3题答案为D。主句的谓语是“would+动词原形”,if引导的条件状语从句要用一般过去时。

第4题答案为D。主句用一般过去时,when引导的时间状语从句表示“当我正往家走的时候”,故用过去进行时。

第5题答案为C。从上下文的意思可以看出,这个原因状语从句的意思是“因为我还没有完成任务”,应该用现在完成时,因此本题应选择C项。

●注意:当if引导条件状语从句时,其谓语用一般现在时表示将来;当if引导宾语从句时,其谓语则根据具体语境而定。

【真题链接第二组】

6.(2014年咸宁卷) —I want to know if Maria us in the fashion show tonight.

—I believe if she her homework, she will join us.

A. joins; finishes

B. will join; finishes

C. joins; will finish

D. will join; will join

7.(2014年达州卷) —Excuse me, could you please tell me if the sports meeting on time?

—Hard to say. If it tomorrow, well have to put it off.

A. will hold; rains

B. will be held; rains

C. will be held; will rain

D. holds; will rain

【答案与解析】

第6题答案为B。第一个if引导的从句属于宾语从句,tonight是表示将来的时间状语,因此该从句要用一般将来时;第二个if引导的从句属于条件状语从句,要用一般现在时。

第7题答案为B。第一个if引导的从句属于宾语从句,表示将来概念,因此要用一般将来时;第二个if引导的从句属于条件状语从句,要用一般现在时。

2.“连词混用”错误

不同的从句要用不同的连词来引导,中考英语试题中常考查if,unless,when,while,as soon as,before,after,until,since,though,although,so that等连词的用法辨异。

【中考链接】

1.(2014年湖州卷) —I really enjoyChinese food!

—Me, too. My mouth was watering I watched the TV program A Bite of China.

A. whenB. before

C. sinceD. after

2.(2014年安徽卷) Rick has learned a lotabout Chinese culture he came toChina.

A. beforeB. when

C. untilD. since

3.(2014年济宁卷) Laura opened the door and rushed into the rain I could stop her.

A. untilB. after

C. beforeD. unless

4.(2014年温州卷) —Excuse me. Is it my turn now?

—Not yet. Please wait on the chair your name is called.

A. andB. until

C. althoughD. since

5.(2014年菏泽卷) —When will you return the book to me?

—Ill give it to you I finish it.

A. onceB. until

C. as soon asD. unless

6.(2014年扬州卷) —The air pollution is terrible.

—It will be worse we take action to protect the environment.

A. ifB. unless

C. untilD. when

7.(2014年河北卷) Eric arrived on time, it was the rush hour.

A. althoughB. because

C. whileD. unless

8.(2014年滨州卷) The teacher asked me to read aloud all the students could hear me.

A. so thatB. for

C. becauseD. in order to

【答案与解析】

第1题答案为A。when表示“当……时候”。句意为:——我真的喜欢中国食物。——我也是。当看《舌尖上的中国》这个电视节目时,我嘴里在流口水呢。

第2题答案为D。主句用的是现在完成时,因此本题应选择since引导时间状语从句,表示“自从他到中国以来”。

第3题答案为C。before意为“在……之前”,引导时间状语从句。句意为:在我拦住劳拉之前,她就开门冲到了雨里。

第4题答案为B。until意为“直到……”,引导时间状语从句。句意为:请你在座位上等候,直到叫到你的名字。

第5题答案为C。as soon as意为“一……就……”,引导时间状语从句。句意为:——你什么时候把书还给我?——我一看完就把它还给你。

第6题答案为B。unless意为“如果不、除非”,引导条件状语从句,相当于if not。句意为:——空气污染真可怕。——如果我们不采取行动保护环境,情况会变得更糟糕。

第7题答案为A。although与though同义,意为“虽然、尽管”,引导让步状语从句。句意为:虽然是交通高峰期,埃里克还是按时到达了。

第8题答案为A。so that意为“以便”,引导目的状语从句。句意为:老师叫我高声朗读,以便让所有的学生都能听到。

自我检测:

从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. I still remember the sittingroom my mother and I used to sit in the evening.

A. whatB. which

C. thatD. where

2. Were talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert we attended last night.

A. whichB. that

C. whoD. whom

3. —Mary has gone to Paris. How can I get in touch with her?

—Dont worry. She will phone you as soon as she there.

A. will getB. is going to get

C. getsD. got

4. —Do you understand the meaning “He who heart, loses all”?

—Does it mean “One should never lose heart”?

A. losesB. is losing

C. is lostD. lost

5. The meeting would begin at 8:00. She was going to start early she would not be late.

A. thoughB. so that

C. unlessD. since

6. Do you believe such little mice can eat so much food?

A. whatB. which

C. thatD. whether

7. —I heard that John the first prize in the English competition.

—But I didnt know a word about it at all.

A. winB. has won

C. will winD. had won

8. The wolves used to hide themselves in the places couldnt be easily found.

A. whereB. that

C. in whichD. in that

9. Those learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.

A. whoB. what

C. whichD. they

10. Scientists say it may be five or ten years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

A. sinceB. when

C. afterD. before

11. —When will your father be back?

—Hell be back before you .

A. will leaveB. will have left

C. leaveD. would leave

12. Why do you want to find a new job youve got such a good one already?

A. whenB. that

C. whichD. where

13. I really dont remember ten years ago.

A. which room did Mr. Smith live in

B. Mr. Smith lived in which room

C. which room Mr. Smith lived in

D. in which room did Mr. Smith live

14. Everyone can see that your basketball team the best in our school now.

A. becameB. will become

C. has becomeD. had become

15.The girl handwriting is the best in our class is named Mary.

A. herB. whos

C. whomD. whose

16.—The football match is really exciting!

—Yes. This is the most exciting football match I have ever watched.

A. thatB. which

C. whenD. where

17. The reason he was silent at the meeting yesterday is not known.

A. whenB. why

C. whichD. where

18. —Boys and girls, well go out for a hiking this Sunday weather permits.

—Thats great!

A. thoughB. so that

C. ifD. even if

19. we work together, we can make the impossible possible.

A. As much asB. As long as

C. As well asD. As soon as

20.—The manager left for Australia on business last Saturday.

— he left, everyone in the office looked relaxed.

A. WhileB. Though

C. UnlessD. After

Key:

1~5 DBCAB 6~10 CDBAD

11~15 CACCD 16~20 ABCBD

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