胸腰椎骨折手术方式选择的研究

2014-08-08 12:06赵雁伟王廉佐
中国现代医生 2014年16期
关键词:手术方式胸腰椎骨折脊柱

赵雁伟+++王廉佐

[摘要] 目的 探讨应用前后路法在胸腰椎骨折的治疗效果。方法 总结分析2008 年3月~2012年3月我院骨科在胸腰椎骨折治疗时采用前后路手术方法治疗46例胸腰椎骨折的不同治疗效果、手术方法选择的经验。结果 平均随诊4~16个月,前路手术21例,术后并发腰痛明显减少,神经功能按Frankel分级,均有1~3级的改善,椎体高度恢复达80%~100%,脊柱稳定性明显改善;后路手术25例中,7例术后腰痛,骨折复位不满意。结论 胸腰椎骨折手术方式选择,前路比后路治疗效果略好。

[关键词] 胸腰椎骨折; 手术方式; 脊柱

[中图分类号] R687.3[文献标识码] B[文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)16-0140-03

Discussion on selection of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture

ZHAO Yanwei WANG Lianzuo

Department of Orthopedic,China Railway 12th Bureau Group Central Hospital, Taiyuan030000,China

[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of anterior and posterior approach in surgery of thoracolumbar spinal fracture. Methods All 46 cases with thoracolumbar fracture were operated by anterior and poster or approach. Clinical examination and radiography were analyzed. Results The average follow up was 4-16 months.21 patients with anterior approach obtained good reduction of the height of vertebral bodies and were free from back pain. Neurological function had 1-3 degree improvement Frankel score. While 7 of 25 cases with posterior approach had back pain and neurological deficit. Conclusion Surgery with anterior approach in the thoracolumbar fracture is better than that with posterior approach.

[Key words] Thoracolumbar fracture; Operation; Spine 脊柱胸腰段骨折系指发生在T11~L2的骨折,因其解剖学的特点,成为脊柱骨折的多发部位[1,2]。近年来影像学及生物力学的发展使人们对胸腰椎骨折的损伤机理、临床诊断及治疗有了更深的认识[3]。我科2008年3月~2012年3月四年间对胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓损伤治疗,选择前路或后路切开复位内固定,伴有椎管狭窄者行椎管减压术,手术方法:采用AF固定系统、Harrington固定系统、Dick固定系统、Z-plate系统、ATLP(AO前路胸腰椎带锁钛板)等治疗。术后46例患者进行随访,本研究将随访结果结合相关文献,分析讨论急性胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓损伤患者手术方式的选择,观察两组治疗方案哪种能更好地促进脊髓损伤后椎体稳定性及神经功能的恢复。

1资料与方法

1.1一般资料

2008~2012年4年中胸腰椎骨折病例共46例,男33例,女13例;年龄20~53岁,平均35岁;损伤部位:T11 12例,T12 15例, L1 11例, L2 8例。术前天数:2~16d,平均3.5d。神经系统受伤程度分级按Frankel法分为4级:A级13例,B级7例,C级11例,D级8例,E级7例。

1.2治疗方法及评分标准

入选两组患者入路选择,采用后路:其中9例行后路伤椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狭窄行椎管减压Harington固定系统内固定术;6例行后路伤椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狭窄行椎管减压,经后路Luque固定系统内固定术;7例行后路病椎椎板次全或全切除,伴有骨性椎管狭窄行椎管减压Dick固定系统内固定术。6例行后路伤椎椎板切除(GSS)椎弓根螺钉内固定术,其中2例切除神经症状重的一侧或椎管狭窄较重一侧的椎板,1例行全椎板切除,恢复椎管容积达到减压效果。前路患者:15例行前路伤椎椎体次全或全切除并行椎管减压术,8例Z-Plate系统内固定术,7例AO前路胸腰椎带锁钛板(ATLP)。以上手术除Z-plate系统植骨时有4例加用钛合金网外,其余均采取内固定基础上加植骨的方式完成。

2结果

46例患者术后4周带胸腰椎强制性矫形器功能锻炼(除合并截瘫病例),出院病例随访:1~4年,平均2年。均按Frankel分级评分标准:术后2年两组病例46例中合并截瘫的13例中(A 级),术后2例脊柱稳定性及神经功能恢复到基本正常(D级),1例恢复到B级,2例恢复到C级,余8例脊柱稳定性恢复良好但神经功能没有明显改善。表1示其余患者受损神经系统恢复情况。

表1 18例胸腰椎骨折患者后入路手术神经功能分级(Frankel分级)

表2 15例胸腰椎骨折患者前入路手术神经功能分级(Frankel分级)

3讨论

脊髓损伤可分原发性损伤和继发性损伤,当发生急性脊髓损伤时,受损神经的细胞不可再生,研究表明原发性损伤在短时间内被动发生,形成不可逆损害;继发性损伤包括组织代谢障碍、水肿、炎症反应、血流量下降、局部缺血、再灌注损伤等特征[4-7]。继发性损伤是在原发性损伤的基础上发生的,具有渐进性,是可以逆转的,这就为治疗SCI提供了理论依据[6-9]。因此,对于胸腰椎骨折尤其截瘫的患者,及时手术切开减压非常关键。这是因为胸腰椎骨折时可造成椎体稳定性丧失,如果爆裂的椎体或骨片及破碎的间盘组织进入椎管,压迫脊髓,将会可能造成患者瘫痪。此时,由于脊髓出血或水肿等为继发性改变,及时治疗(手术减压配合药物)则有可逆性,神经功能部分得到恢复[10-12]。但如果椎管内脊髓受压时间长损伤程度过重,细胞可因缺血及坏死血液循环障碍发生继发,缺血坏死-血循环障碍形成恶性循环,神经细胞最终变性,纤维化瘢痕形成,神经细胞永久坏死。

因此急性脊髓损伤患者关键是尽早手术解除椎管内脊髓受压,并恢复椎体稳定性,从而使受损的脊髓有效地减轻其水肿,保证神经细胞能够得到充足的血液灌注量,最大限度恢复其功能。而手术入路的选择也非常关键,目前有两种临床常用的前后路入路方法,治疗效果各不相同。尽管前路手术治疗胸腰椎骨折有众多优点,但还是要根据实际情况,严格掌握手术适应证[12-15]:①胸腰椎爆裂型骨折合并脊髓损伤,经CT、MRI证实致压物来自椎管前方,而后方无骨块进入椎管者;②胸腰椎爆裂型骨折虽无神经症状,但椎管受累胸椎>40%,腰椎> 50%;③已施行后路手术,但脊髓前方致压物仍未解除或脊柱仍存在不稳定者;④陈旧性胸腰椎骨折有迟发性神经损伤者。同时前路手术不但能够直视下彻底解除椎管内骨性狭窄,更好地解除脊髓直接致压物,更能较好地恢复脊柱三柱的稳定性,从而能够最大限度恢复脊柱生物力学结构。

endprint

综上所述,对胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截瘫的病例,应在完善术前检查后,急诊施行有效的椎管减压、符合生物力学的固定的手术[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢复受损的神经功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎体术后脊柱高度恢复情况,椎体高度恢复最差后路Harrington;经后路Luque手术椎体压缩术后椎体高度恢复最少。Z-plate内固定技术能提供足够的力学强度,满足临床治疗需要,术后早期离床活动后基本未出现内固定松动或断裂现象,椎体间植骨均于术后3~4个月融合。余三种术式椎体高度恢复程度大致相当。椎管减压后管径的恢复情况:前路Z-plate手术术后椎管管径恢复最好;经后路Luque手术椎管管径恢复最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 术后管径恢复也较好。脊髓功能恢复:前路Z-plate手术术后脊髓恢复较好,24例患者均有一级或一级以上神经功能得以恢复。这说明椎管内脊髓得到充分减压后,其功能较减压不够充分的恢复要好。

经前路减压内固定术能够最大程度恢复病椎椎体高度,也能够彻底解除椎管内脊髓的压迫,更有效恢复神经功能。

研究资料分析所示,对于胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗的成功与否,关键在于正确及时和选择合适的手术时机及方法,而手术目的在于脊髓减压以恢复受损神经部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱稳定性。对于胸腰椎骨折稳定性的建立,经前后路手术内固定系统均有效果,术后椎体骨性融合均能提供足够的脊柱支撑功能,但前路固定系统更强些。对椎管管径累及达25%以上病例,可考虑优先考虑前路减压固定术。

[参考文献]

[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.

[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.

[3]徐蓉,胡辉,朱健. 新型免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研究进展[J]. 温州大学学报,2005, 18(6): 58-65.

[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.

[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.

[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.

[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.

[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.

[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.

[10]卢旻鹏,权正学,刘渤.实验动物脊髓的损伤模型[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2008,23(2): 471-473.

[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.

[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.

[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.

[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.

[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.

[16]杨建东,李家顺,贾连顺,等. 大剂量甲基强的松龙对大鼠急性脊髓损伤预防保护作用的研究[J]. 中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2012,15(1): 46-48.

[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.

[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.

(收稿日期:2014-03-05)

endprint

综上所述,对胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截瘫的病例,应在完善术前检查后,急诊施行有效的椎管减压、符合生物力学的固定的手术[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢复受损的神经功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎体术后脊柱高度恢复情况,椎体高度恢复最差后路Harrington;经后路Luque手术椎体压缩术后椎体高度恢复最少。Z-plate内固定技术能提供足够的力学强度,满足临床治疗需要,术后早期离床活动后基本未出现内固定松动或断裂现象,椎体间植骨均于术后3~4个月融合。余三种术式椎体高度恢复程度大致相当。椎管减压后管径的恢复情况:前路Z-plate手术术后椎管管径恢复最好;经后路Luque手术椎管管径恢复最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 术后管径恢复也较好。脊髓功能恢复:前路Z-plate手术术后脊髓恢复较好,24例患者均有一级或一级以上神经功能得以恢复。这说明椎管内脊髓得到充分减压后,其功能较减压不够充分的恢复要好。

经前路减压内固定术能够最大程度恢复病椎椎体高度,也能够彻底解除椎管内脊髓的压迫,更有效恢复神经功能。

研究资料分析所示,对于胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗的成功与否,关键在于正确及时和选择合适的手术时机及方法,而手术目的在于脊髓减压以恢复受损神经部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱稳定性。对于胸腰椎骨折稳定性的建立,经前后路手术内固定系统均有效果,术后椎体骨性融合均能提供足够的脊柱支撑功能,但前路固定系统更强些。对椎管管径累及达25%以上病例,可考虑优先考虑前路减压固定术。

[参考文献]

[1]Fernandez E, Mannino S, Tufo T, et al. The adult paraplegic rat: treatment with cell graftings[J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(3): 223-237.

[2]Pallardó LM,Oppenheimer F, Guirado, et al. Calcineurin inhibitor reduction based on maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients: POP study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2007, 39(7): 2187-2189.

[3]徐蓉,胡辉,朱健. 新型免疫抑制抗生素霉酚酸酯的研究进展[J]. 温州大学学报,2005, 18(6): 58-65.

[4]Suzuki S, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Rodriguez FJ, et al. Neutrophil infiltration as an important factor in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: Modulating effects of FK506 and cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 55(3): 1265-1272.

[5]Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, block the glycosylation of adhesion molecules[J]. Immuno Pharmacology, 2009, 47(223): 85-118.

[6]Laurent AF, Dumont S, Poindron P, et al. Mycophenolic acid suppresses protein N-linked glycosylation in human monocytes and their adhesionto endo the lial cells and to some substrates[J]. Exp Hematol, 2010, 24(1): 59-67.

[7]Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CJ, et al. Mycophenolic acid and brequinar, inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis block the glycosylation of adhesion molecu les[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 25(3Suppl): S67-70.

[8]Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadavericrenal allograft recipients U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 60(3): 225-232.

[9]Ji SM, Liu ZH, Chen JS, et al. Rescue therapy by immunoadsorption in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for C4 dpositive acute humoral renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(10): 3459-3463.

[10]卢旻鹏,权正学,刘渤.实验动物脊髓的损伤模型[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2008,23(2): 471-473.

[11]Hiruma S, Otsuka K, Satou T, et al. Simple and reproducible model of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device[J]. Neurol Res, 2013, 21(3): 313-323.

[12]Yeo SJ, Hwang SN, Park SW, et al. Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2004, 19(4): 574-580.

[13]Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, et al. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord traumainrats[J]. Spine, 2010, 24(20): 2134-2138.

[14]Sánchez FA, Calvo N, MorenoMA, et al. Bettermycophenolic acid 12h trough level after entericcoated mycophenolate sodium in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 39(7): 2194-2196.

[15]Juarez FJ, Barrios Y, Cano L, et al. A randomized trial comparing two corticosteroid regimens combined with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection[J]. Transplant Proc, 2009, 38(9): 2866-2868.

[16]杨建东,李家顺,贾连顺,等. 大剂量甲基强的松龙对大鼠急性脊髓损伤预防保护作用的研究[J]. 中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2012,15(1): 46-48.

[17]Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeonson the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury[J]. Spine, 2011, 31: E250-E253.

[18]Imanaka T, Hukuda S, MaedaT. The role of GM1-ganglioside in the injuried spinal cord of rats: An immunohistochemical study using GM1-antisera[J]. Neurotrauma, 2011, 13:163-170.

(收稿日期:2014-03-05)

endprint

综上所述,对胸腰段爆裂骨折合并截瘫的病例,应在完善术前检查后,急诊施行有效的椎管减压、符合生物力学的固定的手术[13-18];才可能部分甚至是全部恢复受损的神经功能,以上46例病例可以看出:椎体术后脊柱高度恢复情况,椎体高度恢复最差后路Harrington;经后路Luque手术椎体压缩术后椎体高度恢复最少。Z-plate内固定技术能提供足够的力学强度,满足临床治疗需要,术后早期离床活动后基本未出现内固定松动或断裂现象,椎体间植骨均于术后3~4个月融合。余三种术式椎体高度恢复程度大致相当。椎管减压后管径的恢复情况:前路Z-plate手术术后椎管管径恢复最好;经后路Luque手术椎管管径恢复最差,后路Harriton 、Diek 术后管径恢复也较好。脊髓功能恢复:前路Z-plate手术术后脊髓恢复较好,24例患者均有一级或一级以上神经功能得以恢复。这说明椎管内脊髓得到充分减压后,其功能较减压不够充分的恢复要好。

经前路减压内固定术能够最大程度恢复病椎椎体高度,也能够彻底解除椎管内脊髓的压迫,更有效恢复神经功能。

研究资料分析所示,对于胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗的成功与否,关键在于正确及时和选择合适的手术时机及方法,而手术目的在于脊髓减压以恢复受损神经部分甚至全部功能,其次建立脊柱稳定性。对于胸腰椎骨折稳定性的建立,经前后路手术内固定系统均有效果,术后椎体骨性融合均能提供足够的脊柱支撑功能,但前路固定系统更强些。对椎管管径累及达25%以上病例,可考虑优先考虑前路减压固定术。

[参考文献]

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(收稿日期:2014-03-05)

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