荆丽丽+谭宏伟+于静+杨冰+吴淑华+李建民
[摘要] 目的 观察不同剂量氯喹对戊四氮(PTZ)慢性致痫大鼠脑内α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异■唑丙酸受体(AMPA-GluR2)表达的影响,探讨氯喹在癫痫发生发展过程中的作用。 方法 健康雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为对照组(10只,腹腔注射生理盐水,40 mg/kg)、PTZ致痫组(10只,腹腔注射0.5%PTZ溶液,40 mg/kg)、氯喹不同剂量治疗组(1、2、3组,各10只,分别腹腔注射0.5%氯喹溶液20、40、60 mg/kg)。观察大鼠行为学表现,应用Western blot和免疫组织化学法检测氯喹对各组GluR2表达的影响。 结果 PTZ致痫组GluR2表达明显减少,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);氯喹可增强GluR2的表达,PTZ致痫组与氯喹治疗2、3组比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 氯喹能够剂量依赖性地调节GluR2表达,提示氯喹可通过其对GluR2的调节作用达到抗癫痫效应。
[关键词] 氯喹;癫痫;戊四氮;谷氨酸受体2
[中图分类号] R36[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)05(c)-0010-04
Effect of different dose of Chloroquine on GluR2 expression in the brain of rats with epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazole
JING Lili1 TAN Hongwei1 YU Jing1 YANG Bing1 WU Shuhua2 LI Jianmin2
1.Department of Pathology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Shandong Province, Yantai 264100, China; 2.Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical College, Shandong Province, Yantai 264003, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of different dose of Chloroquine on AMPA-GluR2 expression in the brain of rats with epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazole, and to explore the role of Chloroquine in epileptogenesis. Methods 50 male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group (n=10, intraperitoneal injection of saline solution, 40 mg/kg), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) group (n=10, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5% pentylenetetrazole, 40 mg/kg), Chloroquine intervening groups (group one, two, three, n=10, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5% Chloroquine 20, 40, 60 mg/kg respectively). The behavior of rats was observed. Expression of GluR2 in the brain of rats was examined by Western Blot and immunohistochemistry methods. Results GluR2 level in PTZ group was lower as compared with control group (P < 0.05). Chloroquine could increased the expression of GluR2, there were significant differences between Chloroquine intervening two, three groups and PTZ group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Chloroquine can moderate the expression of GluR2 by dose dependent, which suggests that Chloroquine may be through its adjuste effect on GluR2 to achieve the antiepileptic effect.
[Key words] Chloroquine; Epilepsy; Pentylenetetrazole; GluR2
癫痫是中枢神经系统疾病之一,发病机制复杂。兴奋性与抑制性神经递质失衡在癫痫的发生及发展过程中具有重要的作用。谷氨酸(Glu)广泛存在于中枢神经系统中,其主要通过与Glu受体结合发挥作用。α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异■唑丙酸(AMPA)受体阻滞剂能够阻滞癫痫动物发作,提示AMPA受体与癫痫发生有关。氯喹是一种传统的治疗疟疾的药物,可以通过抑制蛋白质的合成和DNA的复制而发挥作用。笔者课题组前期研究发现,氯喹可以抑制慢性癫痫大鼠脑内神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表达[1-5],从而达到抑制癫痫的目的。但氯喹能否通过调节GluR2的表达从而抑制癫痫的发生发展,尚未有定论。本文意在研究不同剂量氯喹对戊四氮(PTZ)致痫大鼠脑内GluR2的影响,为临床治疗癫痫提供新的方向。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物与模型制备
成年雄性Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠50只[山东烟台绿叶制药有限公司,批号:SCXK(鲁)20030008],体重125~155 g,实验室条件下饲养。实验动物随机分组:对照组(10只),腹腔注射生理盐水,40 mg/kg剂量,每天1次;PTZ致痫组(10只)和氯喹治疗组(1组、2组、3组,各10只)腹腔注射0.5% PTZ(Sigma,USA)溶液,40 mg/kg,每天1次,连续给药,造成大鼠慢性癫痫模型。造模成功后,氯喹治疗1、2、3组均给予腹腔注射0.5%氯喹溶液(Sigma,USA) 20、40、60 mg/kg,每天1次,注射2周。
1.2 行为学观察
大鼠连续腹腔注射0.5% PTZ 7 d后,可观察到痫样发作。发作行为参考Racine评分标准,0级:无反应;Ⅰ级:节律性口角和面部抽动;Ⅱ级:面部肌肉阵挛抽动伴点头;Ⅲ级:前肢阵挛不伴直立;Ⅳ级:前肢阵挛伴直立;Ⅴ级:全身阵挛并跌倒。连续5次Ⅱ级以上发作认为造模成功。
1.3 Western Blot法
实验动物麻醉后快速取脑,裂解,离心,测定蛋白浓度,确定上样体积,SDS-PAGE电泳分离,根据Marker确定GluR2和β-actin位置,转膜后杂交,羊抗GluR2,兔抗β-actin,4℃过夜,加入相应二抗后曝光。进行条带扫描分析。比较各组GluR2与β-actin灰度值之比。
1.4 免疫组织化学染色
实验动物麻醉后开颅取脑,进行固定、脱水、透明、浸蜡等相关处理后包埋、切片(厚度3 μm),切片置于60℃烤箱烤片30 min,脱蜡至水。3% H2O2处理。抗原修复,加入羊抗GluR2(1∶200,Santa Cruz)4℃作用过夜,即用型二抗,作用30 min后显色。复染、分化、脱水、透明、封片,各步骤间用PBS洗涤3次,5 min/次。阳性结果为细胞浆染成棕色。选用病理图文分析系统进行图像分析,在200倍视野下选择各组大鼠大脑皮质区,分析平均光密度值(AOD)。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用q检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 行为学观察
通过观察,对照组未见癫痫发作,PTZ致痫组出现面部肌肉抽动伴点头,前肢阵挛伴或不伴直立,全身阵挛或跌倒等,连续5次以上出现Ⅱ~Ⅴ级级别不等的癫痫发作,提示造模成功。应用氯喹治疗后,与PTZ致痫组比较,氯喹治疗1、2、3组癫痫发作程度有所减轻,并且随着氯喹剂量的增加,效果越明显。
2.2 Western Blot结果
结果表明,与对照组(0.8178±0.0809)比较,PTZ致痫组GluR2表达降低(0.5844±0.0633),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);氯喹治疗组[1组:(0.6974±0.0540);2组:(0.7209±0.0674);3组:(0.7987±0.0783)]GluR2表达逐渐升高,氯喹治疗2、3组GluR2表达与PTZ致痫组相比,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图1。
N:对照组;P:PTZ致痫组;C1:氯喹治疗1组;C2:氯喹治疗2组;C3:氯喹治疗3组
图1 各组GluR2及内参β-actin表达情况
2.3 免疫组织化学染色结果
GluR2阳性细胞为神经细胞,主要分布在皮质区,表达部位为胞浆。PTZ致痫组GluR2表达最弱,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);给予氯喹后,随给药剂量的增高,GluR2的表达逐渐增强;氯喹治疗2、3组与PTZ致痫组比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),氯喹治疗1组与PTZ致痫组比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1、图2。
表1 各组GluR2表达平均光密度值(x±s)
注:与对照组比较,aP < 0.05;与PTZ致痫组比较,bP < 0.05;PTZ:戊四氮
3 讨论
Glu是一种重要的兴奋性氨基酸,广泛存在于中枢神经系统内,具有重要作用。学者研究表明,在癫痫的发生发展过程中存在Glu的大量蓄积,致使再摄取障碍,随之激活Glu受体,使神经元异常放电,导致癫痫的发生[6-12]。由此,对于Glu受体的研究成为热点。Glu受体分为两类,一类为代谢型受体(mGluRs),一类为离子型受体(iGluRs)。mGluRs主要通过与膜内G蛋白偶联,mGluRs被激活后,通过G蛋白效应酶、第二信使等组成的信号转导系统起作用,产生较缓慢的生理反应。iGluRs通过离子通道,形成受体通道复合物,介导信号传递,主要分为N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体和非NMDA受体。非NMDA受体中AMPA受体逐渐受到重视,AMPA家族包括四个结构极为相似的亚基GluR1~4,各亚基的氨基酸同源性达到70%,这些亚基对某些离子有一定的通透性,从而可以介导癫痫的发生。GluR2是AMPA受体重要的亚基,有人认为如果神经元的GluR2表达下调,则神经元更加容易受到损伤,这就是所谓的GluR2假说。
早在1944年氯喹便开始应用于临床,最初用来治疗疟疾,后用于治疗类风湿关节炎,有一定的效果。随着医学的发展,对于氯喹的认识不断提高,有文献报道,近年来氯喹在治疗艾滋病方面有质的飞跃[13-14],主要用于防止病毒的复制,干扰DNA复制和蛋白质的合成[15]。氯喹具有成本较低、耐药性好,具有免疫调节作用等优点,可通过抑制炎症介质(如TNF-α和IL-1)的产生[3],从而抑制炎性反应。本课题组相关人员前期研究表明,氯喹能够抑制PTZ诱导的急性大鼠癫痫发作,对癫痫大鼠模型海马和大脑皮质的NMDAR1和Glu表达有抑制作用[2]。同时,氯喹可抑制体外激活的星形胶质细胞[16]。目前氯喹已用于多种疾病的治疗。
本实验结果显示,氯喹可以抑制PTZ导致的大鼠癫痫发作,使癫痫大鼠大脑皮质GluR2的表达升高,并且随着氯喹治疗剂量的增加,GluR2的表达逐渐升高。通过查阅文献,并结合上述实验结果,提示氯喹具有一定的神经保护作用。但是氯喹作用机制复杂,同时具有一定的副作用,还有待于进行更加深入的研究。
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[11]Fellin T,Pascual O,Gobbo S,et al. Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors [J]. Neuron,2004,43(5):729-743.
[12]Fiacco TA,McCarthy KD. Intracellular astrocyte calcium waves in situ increase the frequency of spontaneous AMPA receptor currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons [J]. Neuroscience,2004,24(3):722-732.
[13]Savarino A,Boelaert JR,Cassone A,et al. Effects of chloroquine on viral infection: an old drug against today's diseases [J]. Lancet Infections Diseases,2003,3(11):722-727.
[14]Vijaykumar TS,Nath A,ChauhanA. Chloroquine mediated molecular turning of astrocytes for enhanced permissiveness to HIV infection [J]. Virology,2008,381(1):1-5.
[15]Briceno E,Calderon A,Sotelo J. Institutional experience with chloroquine as adjuvant to the therapy for glooblastomamultiforme [J]. Durg Neurol,2007,67(4):388-391.
[16]荆丽丽,吴淑华.氯喹抑制体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活[J].基础医学与临床,2011,28(10):392-396.
(收稿日期:2014-01-24本文编辑:程铭)
[基金项目] 山东省教育厅科技计划资助项目(编号JO8LG14)。
[7]Benarroch EE. Neuron-astrocyte interactions:partnership for normal function and disease in the central nervous system [J]. Mayo Clin Proc,2005,80(10):1326-1338.
[8]Juge N,Gray JA,Omote H,et al. Metabolic control of vesicular glutamate transport and release [J]. Neuron,2010,68(1):99-112.
[9]Rossi DJ,Oshima T,Attwell D. Glutamate release in severe brain ischaemia is mainly by reverseduptake [J]. Nature,2000,403(6767):316-321.
[10]Ramos-Mandujano G,Vazquez-Juarez E,Hernandez-Benitez R,et al. Thrombin potently enhances swelling-sensitive glutamate efflux from cultured astrocytes [J]. Glia,2007, 55(9):917-925.
[11]Fellin T,Pascual O,Gobbo S,et al. Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors [J]. Neuron,2004,43(5):729-743.
[12]Fiacco TA,McCarthy KD. Intracellular astrocyte calcium waves in situ increase the frequency of spontaneous AMPA receptor currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons [J]. Neuroscience,2004,24(3):722-732.
[13]Savarino A,Boelaert JR,Cassone A,et al. Effects of chloroquine on viral infection: an old drug against today's diseases [J]. Lancet Infections Diseases,2003,3(11):722-727.
[14]Vijaykumar TS,Nath A,ChauhanA. Chloroquine mediated molecular turning of astrocytes for enhanced permissiveness to HIV infection [J]. Virology,2008,381(1):1-5.
[15]Briceno E,Calderon A,Sotelo J. Institutional experience with chloroquine as adjuvant to the therapy for glooblastomamultiforme [J]. Durg Neurol,2007,67(4):388-391.
[16]荆丽丽,吴淑华.氯喹抑制体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活[J].基础医学与临床,2011,28(10):392-396.
(收稿日期:2014-01-24本文编辑:程铭)
[基金项目] 山东省教育厅科技计划资助项目(编号JO8LG14)。
[7]Benarroch EE. Neuron-astrocyte interactions:partnership for normal function and disease in the central nervous system [J]. Mayo Clin Proc,2005,80(10):1326-1338.
[8]Juge N,Gray JA,Omote H,et al. Metabolic control of vesicular glutamate transport and release [J]. Neuron,2010,68(1):99-112.
[9]Rossi DJ,Oshima T,Attwell D. Glutamate release in severe brain ischaemia is mainly by reverseduptake [J]. Nature,2000,403(6767):316-321.
[10]Ramos-Mandujano G,Vazquez-Juarez E,Hernandez-Benitez R,et al. Thrombin potently enhances swelling-sensitive glutamate efflux from cultured astrocytes [J]. Glia,2007, 55(9):917-925.
[11]Fellin T,Pascual O,Gobbo S,et al. Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors [J]. Neuron,2004,43(5):729-743.
[12]Fiacco TA,McCarthy KD. Intracellular astrocyte calcium waves in situ increase the frequency of spontaneous AMPA receptor currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons [J]. Neuroscience,2004,24(3):722-732.
[13]Savarino A,Boelaert JR,Cassone A,et al. Effects of chloroquine on viral infection: an old drug against today's diseases [J]. Lancet Infections Diseases,2003,3(11):722-727.
[14]Vijaykumar TS,Nath A,ChauhanA. Chloroquine mediated molecular turning of astrocytes for enhanced permissiveness to HIV infection [J]. Virology,2008,381(1):1-5.
[15]Briceno E,Calderon A,Sotelo J. Institutional experience with chloroquine as adjuvant to the therapy for glooblastomamultiforme [J]. Durg Neurol,2007,67(4):388-391.
[16]荆丽丽,吴淑华.氯喹抑制体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活[J].基础医学与临床,2011,28(10):392-396.
(收稿日期:2014-01-24本文编辑:程铭)
[基金项目] 山东省教育厅科技计划资助项目(编号JO8LG14)。