2013年～2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题的分析与解剖学教材中英语词汇的学习

陈杰+彭东+陈禹

【摘要】生学习英语，教师也要学习英语。教师要站在学生的角度考虑学生，理解学生学习英语知识、准备考研的心理。硕士研究生入学考试是继高考后比较重要的全国性考试，所有的专业都需要英语考试，很受广大考生和社会各界的重视。

【关键词】硕士研究生入学英语考试 解剖学 英语词汇

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题，2013年～2004年中的10年，从2005年起增加了一个新题型阅读文章，从7个备选答案中，选择出5个，choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.

1.SectionⅠ Use of English

2013年：英语单词约262个。2012年：英语单词约253个。2011年：英语单词约270个。2010年：英语单词约259个。2009年：英语单词约262个。2008年：英语单词约251个。2007年：英语单词约242个。2006年：英语单词约232个。2005年：英语单词约255个。可以看出词汇量在250个左右。

2.SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension

Part A：2013年：Text 1英语单词约423个；Text 2英语单词约433个；Text 3英语单词约477个；Text 4英语单词约412个。2012年：Text 1英语单词约438个；Text 2英语单词约432个；Text 3英语单词约443个；Text 4英语单词约443个。2011年：Text 1英语单词约422个；Text 2英语单词约439个；Text 3英语单词约417个；Text 4英语单词约464个。2010年：Text 1英语单词约435个；Text 2英语单词约434个；Text 3英语单词约450个；Text 4英语单词约431个。2009年：Text 1英语单词约419个；Text 2英语单词约403个；Text 3英语单词约447个；Text 4英语单词约406个。2008年：Text 1英语单词约421个；Text 2英语单词约409个；Text 3英语单词约428个；Text 4英语单词约401个。2007年：Text 1英语单词约419个；Text 2英语单词约447个；Text 3英语单词约451个；Text 4英语单词约418个。2006年：Text 1英语单词约406个；Text 2英语单词约461个；Text 3英语单词约433个；Text 4英语单词约431个。2005年：Text 1英语单词约430个；Text 2英语单词约420个；Text 3英语单词约471个；Text 4英语单词约400个。可以看出在4篇阅读理解文章中，每篇文章的词汇量在450个左右。

Part B：2013年：英语单词约352+256=608个。2012年：英语单词约481+232=713个。2011年：英语单词约565个。2010年：英语单词约610个。2009年：英语单词约284+221=405个。2008年：英语单词约352+321=673个。2007年：英语单词约45+524=569个。2006年：英语单词约480+193=673个。2005年：英语单词约400+289=689个。可以看出词汇量在400～720个之间。

Part C：2013年：英语单词约421个。2012年：英语单词约422个。2011年：英语单词约404个。2010年：英语单词约416个。2009年：英语单词约405个。2008年：英语单词约403个。2007年：英语单词约400个。2006年：英语单词约403个。2005年：英语单词约395个。可以看出词汇量在380-430个之间。

3.SectionⅢ Writing

Part A：2013～2005年：信件、邮件、通知作文，100左右个单词。Part B： 2013～2005年：图画作文，160～200左右个单词。

4.比较难于理解的句子

如2013年，SectionⅠ Use of English：For example，he theorized that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.另一句This might sound small，but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary. SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension ：

Part A中Text 3中的For example ，the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence. Text 4中的In effect，the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. Part B中的The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. Part C中的The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didnt exist or was not discernible as such.endprint

2012年，SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 2中的In 2006，the state went a step further，requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislaturesapproval.另一句But had Entergy kept its word，that debate would be beside the point.

Text 3中的Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience，what we think our experiences mean，and the subsequent actions we take. Part B中的But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer，we must also tread with caution.

2011年，SectionⅠ Use of English：Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”.另一句But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain，a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does.另一句Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown，suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 2中的A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.另一句I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. Text 3中的Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Text 4中的“I Love My Children， I Hate My Life”is arousing much chatter-nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Part B中的Equally unsurprisingly，only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. Part C中的The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before we were experts in the array of limitations，now we become authorities of what is possible.

2010年： SectionⅠ Use of English：An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workersbehavior by itself.Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ：Part A中Text 1中的It is，I suspect，difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.另一句Newman wrote，“that I am tempted to define‘journalismas‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Text 3中的With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media，not interpersonal，influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.另一句If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant，for example，the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Text 4中的These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay，not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Part B中的Retail sales of food and drink in Europes largest markets are at a standstill，leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Part C中的Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak，or that they prey only on “worthless”species.另一句Some species of trees have been “read out of the party”by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly，or have too low a sale valve to pay as timber crops.In Eurrope，where forestry is ecologically more advanced，the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community，to be preserved as such，within reason.endprint

2009年：SectionⅠ Use of English：Intelligence，it turns out，is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep，burns more fuel and is slow off the starting line because it depends on learning –a gradual process-instead of instinct.另一句Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise，it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be.Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 1中的Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit，we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.另一句“But we are taught instead to ‘decide，just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.”Text 2中的All he needs to do is shell out﹩30 for a paternity testing kit （PTK） at his local drugstore-and another﹩120 to get the results.另一句Among the most popular：paternity and kinship testing，which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.另一句Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Text 3中的A lack of formal education，however，doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.On the contrary，constraint on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is. Part C中的Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted，and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.另一句The need of training is too evident；the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

2008年：SectionⅠ Use of English：He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections，which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.另一句They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases，such as breast cancer.Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 2中的No longer.The Internet- and pressure from funding agencies，who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality. Text 3中的The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years，and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger，longer frames. Text 4中的Thats far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.另一句More than anything，the historians say，the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. Part B中的The time for sharpening pencils，arranging your desk，and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit，stand up，or lie down to write.另一句To make revising easier，leave wide margins extra space between lines so that you can easily add words，sentences，and corrections.另一句Its worth remembering，however，that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific，it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.另一句Instead of including that paragraph，she added one that described Lengels crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces. Part C中的So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.endprint

2007年：SectionⅠ Use of English：While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states，some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 1中的This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.另一句Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather，it involves sexing specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. Text 2中的Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly，intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Text 3中的But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.另一句For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.另一句From the middle-class family perspective，much of this，understandably，looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility，and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. Text4中Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets，is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. Part B中的Even if a jobs starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adults need for rapid content，the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.另一句At the same time，listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.

2006年：Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 1中的Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite，there were stores “anyone could enter ，regardless of class or background.This turned shopping into a public and democratic act”. Text 3中的Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass （the amount of living biological matter）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean，but rather changes in that biomass over time. Text 4中的Many things make people think artists are weird.另一句Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial，and forever happy.另一句What we forget-what our economy depends on us forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.另一句39. [A]happiness more often than not ends in sadness. Part B中的The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling”involves persistent，recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. Part C中的But they have done more than that.另一句I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.另一句His function is analogous to that of a judge，who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.另一句But his primary task is not to think about the moral code，which governs his activity，any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.另一句They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries，but most of them make little or no independent reflection on human problems which involve moral judgment.endprint

2005年：SectionⅠ Use of English：This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose.另一句However，it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.另一句The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke，which might indicate the danger of fire.Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 2中的That the antimoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way？另一句Instead of a plan of action，they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”. Text 3中的And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.另一句Visualize how you would like it to end instead；the next time is occurs，try to wake up just enough to control its course.另一句Sleep-or rather dream-on it and youll feel better in the morning. Text 4中的Mr.McWhorters academic specialty is language history and change，and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”，for example，to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.另一句Mr.McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary，and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. Part B中的Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs，bureaucracy，procedures and limited bargaining power，all would pool resources，work with Ottawa， and create a national institution.另一句Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list，the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than，say，Quebec，negotiating on behalf of seven million people，the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 mollion people.另一句 [C] What does “national ”mean？Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.另一句 [E] Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part C中的The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples，their cultures and national identities.另一句This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks，no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.另一句This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs.endprint

2004年：SectionⅡUse of English：For example，changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.Ⅲ Reading Comprehension ： Part A中Text 1中的“Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this. ”Instead，the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database；when you get E-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again. Text 3中的So Spero is downscaling，shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home，instead of Neiman Marcus.另一句“Instead of 20 to 30 offers，now maybe you only get two or three，”says John Tealdi，a Bay Area real-estate broker. Text 4中“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual，”says education writer Diane Ravitch.另一句Razitchs latest book，Left Back：A Centuryof Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.另一句Practicality，common sense，and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Part B中的Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.另一句We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.另一句Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡ to send secret messages.

5.系统解剖学教材中涉及的词汇

人体解剖学是医学基础课，公开出版的人体解剖学书籍有上百种之多，系统解剖学是解剖学中最基本和最经典的教材。第8版系统解剖学教材书中中英文名词对照索引（单词或词组）：A：3个；B：77个；C：54个；D：105个；E：30个；F：103个；G：153个；H：119个；J：196个；K：34个；L：91个；M：44个；N：85个；P：38个；Q：116个；R：51个；S：240个；T：46个；W：75个；X：181个；Y：157个；Z：205个。其中有许多单词就是硕士研究生英语入学考试大纲中规定的词汇。

参考文献：

[1]文都考研命题研究中心.历年真题精析——命题剖析与复习指导（英语一）2004～2013年 [M].北京：中国原子能出版社，2012.

[2]柏树令，应大君.系统解剖学 [M].北京：人民卫生出版社，2013.endprint