张岩
摘要:书面表达是高考英语试题考查学生英语综合运用能力的重要题型之一,也是整个英语试卷的“重头戏”。要想使所写的文章得高分,考生就必须认真审题,准确把握文章主旨、要求,采集有效的内容信息,整理出全面的语言要点,讲究句式结构的变化,恰当使用高级词汇,有效使用语句间的连接成分,使通篇结构紧凑,行文流畅。在遣词造句、谋篇布局等方面有“闪光点”。
关键词:高分策略;谋篇;文辞;词汇;衔接;书写
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2014)09-0075
书面表达是高考英语试题考查学生英语综合运用能力的重要题型之一,也是整个英语试卷的“重头戏”。要想使所写的文章得高分,考生就必须认真审题,准确把握文章主旨、要求,采集有效的内容信息,整理出全面的语言要点,讲究句式结构的变化,恰当使用高级词汇,有效使用语句间的连接成分,使通篇结构紧凑、行文流畅。在遣词造句、谋篇布局等方面有“闪光点”。
一、谋篇精细化
俗话说,磨刀不误砍柴工。要想出色地完成书面表达题规定的任务,按要求写出一篇好文章,首先要认真审题。我们应考虑以下问题:1. 要写的是什么体裁的文章;2. 该用什么时态来表达;3. 要写几个要点;4. 要用哪些词汇和句型来表达;5. 需要用哪些连接词汇,使文章读起来更顺畅。更重要的是,要分清所写的文章应该写几个部分,或分成几个段落,每一段落围绕什么主题写。精细的布局、严谨的结构会令人耳目一新。
二、文辞优美化
人靠衣装,文靠句装。考生文中所采用的语言材料是影响文章得分的决定性因素。要想文章凸显文采,展示综合运用语言的能力,考生就要能写出几个“出彩”的句子来。这就要求我们在平时的学习中大量地积累有用的习惯表达和文辞优美的句子,如强调句、倒装句、虚拟句、感叹句、被动句、定语从句、非谓语动词、独立主格结构以及各种典型的从句等,写作时多种句型交替使用,真正的做到句式多样、灵活表达。具体说来,考生可从以下几方面来尝试改变句式:
1. 改变句子结构,与众不同
唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。
A strong/big earthquake happened in Tangshan in the 1980s. →
A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tang Shan in the 1980s.
你八月十五的来信我今天早晨收到了.
I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning. →
Your letter of August 15th reached/got to me this morning.
2. 改变句子语序,实现句子形式多样化
He got excited when he heard the news. →
Hearing the news, he got excited.
The girl went home, because she was hungry and thirsty. →
Hungry and thirsty,the girl went home.
I studied Chinese, English and Physics at school. →
3. 使用强势句式,增强语句表现力
We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well. →
How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well!
Radio broadcasts didnt begin until 1920. →
It was not until 1920 that radio broadcasts began
He never speaks about his own family. →
Never does he speak about his own family.
三、词汇高级化
新的考试评价标准要求我们尽量使用高级词汇或短语写文章。所谓“高级词汇”,不一定就是那些很正式文雅的书面词语,只要运用得当,表意传神,常用词语、习惯用语、固定搭配等等多是“高级词汇”。如:我们可以用perfect, excellent, outstanding, pleasant, wonderful favorable, magnificent等来表示“good”;用in ones opinion/view , hold the view that , it is widely shared that等来表示“think”;用wise, bright, smart, intelligent, cute等来表示“clever”。但在写作时,我们却可以灵活地选择新颖的词汇,以奇制胜。
值得提醒的是,在运用较为高级的词汇时要避生就熟,灵活表达,切记生搬硬套。
四、衔接自然化
一篇好的书面表达,不仅需要丰富的词汇、清楚的逻辑和规范的表达,还需要有把这些内容有机联系起来的语篇衔接手段,即我们常说的关联词、连接性副词、介词和短语。许多学生能够写出没有语法错误、内容也比较充实的段落,但往往句子之间、段落之间缺乏连贯性和整体性。为使文章主题突出、行文流畅、语言优美,应注意上下文逻辑关系的确定和过渡词的适当使用,这对提高整篇文章的档次至关重要。常用的连接词有:在同一话题上补充说明:whats more, besides, moreover, in addition, furthermore, also, as well等;表示转折关系:but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, otherwise, after all等;表示因果关系:since, as, because, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that等;表示条件关系:if, on condition that, so \ as long as, unless等;表示时间关系:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, no sooner…than, hardly... when, scarcely...when, recently, since, ever since, from then on, later, soon等;表示顺序关系:above all, first of all, firstly, secondly, second, then, next, finally, in the end;换一种表达方式:in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等;进行举例说明:for instance, for example, like, such as, 等;用于陈述事实:in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等;对一个话题进行总结:on the whole, in short, all in all, in general, in a word, in conclusion.
五、书写规范化
无论文章的语句结构是多么复杂,用词是多么高级以及行文是多么紧凑连贯,但若卷面潦草、书写马虎,则很难让阅卷教师了解你的文采。阅卷教师会因此匆忙阅卷,走马观花。这样一来,你的心血就白费了,劳动就无效了,你的写作能力也因此得不到阅卷教师的认可。因此,书写规范,字体工整,大小写、标点符号正确,尽可能把错误降到最低程度,是书面表达多拿分或得高分的前提和保证。
(作者单位:河南省焦作武陟一中 454950)