赵小妹,刘永刚,赵 静,许云鹤,曹 姗,任翠剑
(河北省保定市第一中心医院神经内科,河北保定,071000)
锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)是指一侧锁骨下动脉或无名动脉在其近心端发出椎动脉前狭窄或完全闭塞时,由于虹吸作用,引起患侧椎动脉中的血液逆流,甚至将对侧椎动脉部分血液也盗取过来,至锁骨下动脉远心端供应患侧上肢,引起椎-基动脉供血不足。经皮血管腔内血管成形术(PTA)从80年代起被应用于锁骨下动脉狭窄,并逐步与支架植入相结合,取得较好的临床疗效[1]。本研究观察了经皮血管内支架植入治疗28例SSS的临床疗效,现报告如下。
选取2010年1月—2012年1月在本院就诊的28例SSS患者为研究对象,男19例,女9例;年龄43~67岁,平均(52.24 ±3.16)岁;左侧盗血13例,右侧盗血15例;单纯合并高血压者11例,单纯合并糖尿病者13例,合并这2种疾病者4例。临床表现为患侧上肢无力、疼痛、发凉、脉搏减弱或消失10例,视物模糊、短暂性意识障碍7例,言语不利4例,头晕、恶心、呕吐11例,晕厥3例,水平或垂直眼震6例,共济失调5例。所有患者经颅多普勒超声检查(TCD)、颈部血管彩超及脑血管造影(DSA)均有椎动脉的逆流征象。
1.2.1 检查方法:TCD检查前首先进行常规颈部血管彩超(CDU)检查,疑似患者均行患侧束臂加强试验。所有患者在术前及术后3 d均行TCD检查,出院后每半年复查1次TCD及CDU。DSA检查先经股动脉插管,行主动脉弓造影,然后进行弓上血管造影:左锁骨下动脉、左椎动脉、左颈总动脉、右颈总动脉、右锁骨下动脉造影、右椎动脉。
1.2.2 治疗方法:术前口服波立维75 mg/次、拜阿司匹林0.3 g/次,1次/d,连用5 d。手术采用镇静镇痛监测+局麻,选择股动脉入路,植入8F动脉鞘准确测量狭窄段的动脉长度、狭窄程度及同侧椎动脉血流情况等数据后,以导丝试探性通过动脉狭窄或闭塞段,行局部球囊扩张术。球囊扩张导管规格为直径6~8 mm,长20~40 mm,气囊内压达2~6个大气压,扩张时间为20~60 s/次,间隔30~60 s后,重复扩张3~5次。随后植入支架,将支架送入导管及外鞘管后,应确定支架两端的标记是否准确覆盖狭窄或闭塞段,固定导管后撤出外鞘管,待支架自动膨开后撤出导管与导丝。术中给予全身肝素化。术后即口服拜阿司匹林与波立维,用量同术前,连用3个月后,停用波立维,拜阿司匹林长期口服。所有患者术后随访至2014年1月。
观察患者术前及术后的TCD、CDU、DSA检查结果变化、临床表现改变、并发症及随访结果。
术前所有患者TCD、颈部血管彩超检查均有椎动脉的逆流征象,其中5例同时有基底动脉逆流征象。术后所有患者椎动脉及基底动脉均为正向血流。术前DSA显示,所有狭窄均>80%,其中8例近乎完全闭塞,椎动脉逆行显影19例,淡显影9例。术后所有患者狭窄<25%,椎动脉均正向显影,盗血现象消失。
患肢发凉、无力及疼痛的症状均减轻;术后即刻桡动脉搏动有力,术后第1天,两侧血压差为(8.35 ±2.14)mmHg,与术前(40.18 ±5.37)mmHg比较有显著改善(P<0.01);患者头晕、呕吐、视物模糊、言语不利、晕厥、短暂性意识障碍均消失,眼震、共济失调减轻。
术后2例患者出现穿刺部位皮下血肿,理疗4 d后痊愈;1例出现前臂疼痛、麻木,2个月后缓解。其余患者未出现并发症。
2例患者分别于术后8个月及11个月时出现头晕症状复发,TCD、CDU检查未见动脉狭窄,但束臂加强试验显示椎动脉血流速度轻微下降,未再行PTA或手术治疗。其余患者随访未见复发。
由大动脉炎或动脉粥样硬化等原因导致的锁骨下动脉狭窄是SSS的发病基础,如患者出现桡动脉搏动减弱或消失,且TCD、CDU、DSA等检查显示椎动脉逆流征象,即可诊断为 SSS[2-3]。很多SSS患者并无显著临床症状,呈良性病变[4-7],但患者一旦出现椎基底动脉供血不足、患肢有缺血症状时,则应积极治疗。SSS的传统治疗方法多为手术治疗,如经胸锁骨下动脉内膜剥除术、腋-腋动脉搭桥术、颈动脉-锁骨下动脉搭桥术或锁骨下动脉-锁骨下动脉搭桥术等,但这些手术方案创伤较大,并发症多、术后复发率高[8-13]。PTA及血管内置入支架术是一种安全有效、恢复快的微创介入治疗,目前正越来越广泛地应用于治疗SSS。国内外均有学者[14-17]报道,采用经皮血管内成形术及支架置入治疗SSS,取得了较为理想的近期及远期疗效。本研究28例患者,均行经皮血管内支架置入治疗,术后所有患者的动脉闭塞均<25%,TCD、CDU、DSA检查,椎动脉及基底动脉均为正向血流,动脉盗血消失,近期疗效可靠,随访至2014年1月,仅2例出现轻微症状复发,远期疗效也较为理想,与上述报道基本一致。
DSA是诊断SSS的金标准,并可为治疗方案的选择提供重要参考依据[18-22],但DSA费用较高,检查具有创伤性,并不适合常规随诊,而TCD、颈部血管彩超对血流方向的变化非常敏感,能够反映椎基底动脉及大脑动脉的血流情况,且具有无创的优点,因此本研究采用TCD、颈部血管彩超作为常规随诊手段,可以较为准确地观察到患者的远期疗效。
综上所述,经皮血管内支架置入治疗SSS具有操作安全、创伤小、效果可靠且恢复快的特点,可以取代传统手术治疗成为SSS的首选治疗方案。
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