贾苗苗 梁至洁 陈 钦 综述 曹旭晨 审校
·综 述·
降低乳腺癌术后淋巴水肿新技术
——腋窝反向淋巴制图的研究进展*
贾苗苗 梁至洁 陈 钦 综述 曹旭晨 审校
腋窝反向淋巴制图(axillary reverse mapping,ARM)技术是指在腋窝淋巴结切除术(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)和/或前哨淋巴结切除术(sentinel lymph node dissection,SLND)中显示上肢淋巴管道并对其予以保护,从而降低术后上肢淋巴水肿发生率,是针对乳腺癌手术治疗的一项新兴技术,目前仍处于临床试验阶段。本文回顾了近年来国外相关临床试验,分析ARM淋巴结和淋巴管的显示方法,评估保留ARM淋巴结和淋巴管的可行性,评价ARM技术对降低乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿发生率的临床意义。
乳腺癌 腋窝反向淋巴制图 淋巴结 淋巴管 上肢淋巴水肿
The First Department of Breast Cancer,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Cen
ter of Cancer,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education Key
Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China.
This study was supported by the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11JCZDJC28000).
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率逐年上升,跃居女性恶性肿瘤首位,严重威胁女性的身心健康[1],以手术为主的综合治疗策略仍然是目前主要的治疗手段[2]。然而术后并发症,尤其是上肢淋巴水肿,给患者带来极大的痛苦,严重影响了患者的生活质量。近年来,腋窝反向淋巴制图(axillary re⁃verse mapping,ARM)技术在国外临床试验中兴起,以期解决这一问题。
从1894年Halsted提出乳腺癌根治术至今,乳腺癌外科术式经历了一个多世纪的演变,ALND一直是乳腺癌手术的常规组成部分。然而,有研究报道ALND术后上肢淋巴水肿的发生率为7%~77%[3-10],许多学者一度质疑早期乳腺癌行ALND的必要性[11]。
SLND是由Morton等[12]于1992年首先提出,最初用于临床I期的皮肤黑色素瘤,之后用于其他肿瘤[13-14],并逐渐被引用作为乳腺癌外科治疗的标准程序。SLN活检用于评估腋窝淋巴结转移情况,进而决定术中是否行ALND。若SLN活检阴性,则不必行ALND,可避免大范围的淋巴清扫对上肢淋巴管道的破坏。但是一些研究结果表明在仅行SLND的患者中,上肢淋巴水肿的发生率仍有2%~7%[15-16]。
2007年,Hama等[17]在小鼠模型中通过双色荧光光谱淋巴管造影术证实了乳腺和上肢两组不同的淋巴引流通路。基于这种概念,同年提出了ARM这一新技术。该技术的提出主要是为了显示上肢淋巴结和淋巴管,以避免在行ALND或SLND时伤及这些结构,从而降低术后上肢淋巴水肿的发生率[18-19]。
3.1 ARM淋巴结和淋巴管的显示
Thompson等[18]在同侧上臂内侧肌间沟的皮内或皮下注射2.5 mL蓝色染料后按摩注射部位,并将上肢抬高5 min以促进上肢淋巴引流及示踪剂显影。结果在18例患者中有11例显示ARM淋巴结或淋巴管;同年,Nos等[19]采用相同技术在21例患者中发现了15例患者的ARM淋巴结和淋巴管。这一技术经过其他研究人员重复验证发现ARM淋巴结和淋巴管的识别率为61%~91%[18-26]。
为了提高识别率,有报道采用放射性同位素法显示ARM淋巴结和淋巴管,识别率分别为100%(15/ 15)和91%(21/23)[27-28]。Tausch等[29]比较了蓝色染料和放射性同位素的显示效果,二者识别率分别为65%和100%,联合使用时识别率为95%。
注射吲哚菁绿(ICG)并应用荧光成像系统显示ARM淋巴结和淋巴管。在行SLNB的患者中,ARM淋巴结或淋巴管的识别率为75%(9/12)[30];在行ALND的患者中,ARM淋巴结识别率为88%(22/25),淋巴管识别率为76%[31];同时行SLNB和ALND的患者中,ARM淋巴结识别率为74%(26/35),淋巴管识别率为86%[31]。可见,荧光成像技术在ARM技术中具有应用价值。
ARM的有效显示是保证术中最大程度识别并保护上肢淋巴结和淋巴管的前提。虽然尝试了各种示踪剂,但是仍然有部分患者的ARM淋巴结或淋巴管无法显示。原因可能是[22]:第一,从注射示踪剂到开始寻找ARM淋巴结或淋巴管之间间隔时间太短,使ARM得不到充分显示,降低识别率[32]。第二,试验统计数据推测[30-31]:与SLN比较,ARM淋巴结或淋巴管的位置较深,这也解释了行ALND患者比仅行SLNB患者ARM检出率高的现象。其他可能原因,如BMI、年龄、术前新辅助化疗、广泛淋巴转移等与识别率的关系[32]。
3.2 保留ARM淋巴结和淋巴管的可行性
综合已有临床试验结果[18-20,25,27,31-34]可见,并非所有被示踪的ARM淋巴结和淋巴管都有保留的价值。多项研究对其临床统计结果发现ARM淋巴结阳性率分别为2.5%(2/80)、13%(4/30)、22%(11/50)、13%(2/ 15)、14%(3/21)、24%(6/25)、11.1%(3/27),这些患者均有明显的腋窝肿瘤负荷[22-25,28,31-32]。对于这部分患者,ARM技术的应用并不能使之从中获益,这也限制了该技术在临床中的应用。
对于ARM淋巴结发生转移的原因可能有:第一,据相关临床试验数据统计,SLN与ARM淋巴结重合率为2.8%~27.5%[22,24,35,36],若这些淋巴结发生转移,则殃及ARM淋巴结的风险将大大增加。第二,在以前的研究中,ARM淋巴结和/或淋巴管在SLND区域的概率为38%~75%[30,33,35]。对于这类患者,即使低位腋窝淋巴结转移,也会出现ARM淋巴结阳性。第三,Nos等[28]发现,ALND术中取出的淋巴结缠绕在一起,并且有淋巴结破裂出现结外转移情况。综合已有临床试验数据统计可见,腋窝淋巴结肿瘤负荷与ARM淋巴结阳性率呈正相关。
在SLNB和/或ALND情况下,引入ARM技术以保护引流上肢的淋巴结或淋巴管并不总是可行的。在进展型乳腺癌和广泛腋窝淋巴转移患者中,保留ARM淋巴结可能会增加腋窝复发或远处转移的风险,所以不得不切除这些淋巴结。为了最大程度保护ARM淋巴结,Ikeda等[31]对处于ALND区域的ARM淋巴结行术中细针穿刺活检(fine needle aspiration cy⁃tology,FNAC),结果证实术中穿刺细胞学诊断与术后组织病理学诊断相符。使用FNAC评价ARM淋巴结癌转移状态具有一定价值,有利于保留安全的淋巴结,但是有可能会出现因穿刺取样不足或不准确所致的假阴性,从而导致错误的保留发生转移的淋巴结。为了解决ARM淋巴结阳性患者上肢水肿的问题,Casabona等[21,35]用上肢的集合淋巴管和腋静脉的分支进行显微淋巴管-静脉吻合术(microsurgical lym⁃phatic-venous procedure),将上肢淋巴液引入静脉,结果证实对8例切除ARM淋巴结的患者实施该方法后,术后随访9个月期间未出现上肢水肿。这种淋巴管的显微外科技术已经被证明对外周淋巴水肿是有效的[37],然而仍需大样本量临床试验及长期术后随访验证其临床价值。
3.3 ARM与术后上肢淋巴水肿
实施ARM技术的最终目的是为了预防术后上肢淋巴水肿,多个临床试验结果显示保留ARM淋巴结或淋巴管可降低术后上肢水肿发生率,但是切除ARM淋巴结或淋巴管并不是导致术后上肢水肿的充分必要条件。
Thompson等[18]术后随访8个月,保留ARM淋巴结或淋巴管的18例患者均未发生上肢淋巴水肿;另有研究也发现了类似的结果,但是切除ARM淋巴结和淋巴管的患者中,上肢水肿发生率分别为7.7%(1/13)[22]、15.4%(2/12)[33]、13%(2/15)[34]。从这些结果中可以发现,切除ARM淋巴结不一定会导致上肢淋巴水肿的发生,原因尚不明。可能的解释:第一,引流上肢的淋巴结不止一个,切除其中任何一个不会对上肢淋巴回流造成太大影响,不至发生上肢水肿。Han等[22]在随访中回顾性分析发现,术后发生上肢水肿的患者的ARM淋巴结位于腋窝下内侧,可能是由于该淋巴结为引流上肢的优势淋巴结。第二,术后随访时间太短。由于存在个体差异性,患者出现上肢淋巴水肿的时间也不同,延长随访时间可能会有新的上肢水肿出现,所以仍需长期随访研究。
破坏上肢淋巴通道并不是造成术后上肢水肿的唯一原因,还有其他重要的影响因素:如术前或术后放疗、体型、患肢功能锻炼情况等[38-40]。为了更准确地评价ARM技术对术后上肢水肿发生率的影响,需与这些因素进行鉴别。
区域淋巴结的状态是影响患者预后的关键因素,治疗方案的选择则取决于腋窝淋巴结是否有癌细胞转移。ARM的提出一方面为乳腺癌治疗提供了新的技术,另一方面也为改善术后生存质量做出了重要的贡献。ARM的应用是为了降低SLND或ALND术后上肢淋巴水肿的发生率,许多临床试验证实了其临床价值,但是Tausch等[29]经过19个月的随访发现ARM技术并不能降低腋窝淋巴结阳性患者术后上肢水肿的发生率。除此之外该技术在临床治疗中的广泛应用仍然存在一定的局限性,比如,现有的示踪技术不能保证显示每位患者的ARM淋巴结或淋巴管;在广泛腋窝淋巴转移或者ARM淋巴结与SLN重合的患者中,ARM淋巴结可能发生了转移,这种情况下保留ARM淋巴结或淋巴管是不可行的。Ikeda等[31]应用术中FNAC诊断ARM淋巴结转移状况以保留安全的ARM淋巴结或淋巴管,Casebona等[21]采用术中显微淋巴管-静脉吻合术解决上肢淋巴水肿的问题。这些技术可能会使上述患者获益,但仍需长期随访研究以评价其有效性。
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(2013-05-07收稿)
(2013-09-18修回)
(本文编辑:郑莉)
Research progress of axillary reverse mapping:Anew technique to minimize arm lymphedema after breast cancer surgery
Miaomiao JIA,Zhijie LIANG,Qin CHEN,Xuchen CAO
Correspondence to:Xuchen CAO;E-mail:CXC@medmail.com.cn
Axillary reverse mapping(ARM)is a technique used to map and preserve arm lymphatic drainage during axillary lymph node dissection(ALND)and/or sentinel lymph node dissection(SLND).As a result,the risk of arm lymphedema is reduced. ARM is an emerging technology for breast cancer surgery and currently in the clinical trial phase.In this article,related clinical trials conducted in recent years were reviewed and the displaying methods of ARM lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels were analyzed.The feasibility of retained ARM lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels was also evaluated.Furthermore,the clinical significance of ARM was evaluated in terms of the reduction of the incidence of upper extremity lymphedema after breast cancer surgery.
breast cancer,axillary reverse mapping,lymph node,lymphatic vessel,upper extremity lymphedema
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20130708
贾苗苗 在读硕士研究生,主要研究方向为乳腺肿瘤外科。
天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺肿瘤一科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室(天津市300060)
*本文课题受天津市自然科学基金项目(编号:11JCZDJC28000)资助
曹旭晨 CXC@medmail.com.cn
E-mail:mmiona@126.com