盐酸法舒地尔对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的心肌保护作用

2014-01-23 03:34侯凤霞硕综述郑晓群审校
中国实验诊断学 2014年12期
关键词:舒地尔心肌细胞活化

侯凤霞,鲁 硕综述,郑晓群审校

盐酸法舒地尔对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的心肌保护作用

侯凤霞,鲁 硕*综述,郑晓群审校

(长春市中心医院心内科,吉林长春130051)

急性心肌梗死(Acute myocardial infarction,AMI)是常见的具有高死亡率的急性心血管疾病[1,2],早期有效再灌注梗死相关冠状动脉的血流是减少心肌梗死面积和改善患者预后的方法,然而再灌注治疗可诱发心肌细胞代谢功能障碍和结构损伤,即心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,MI/IR)[3],研究表明AMI后心肌中Rho蛋白/ROCK(Rho associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase,ROCK)通路蛋白表达上调并活化,参与调控MI/IR,包括炎症反应、氧化应激,自由基损伤,钙超载,内皮功能障碍和细胞凋亡等多种机制因素[4]。2003年Zhao等[5]在犬MI/IR研究证实缺血后适应(IPost)保护心肌及改善预后价值,随后研究药物可以靶向模拟Ipost心肌保护效应作用,即药物后适应,本文就Rock抑制剂盐酸法舒地尔(fasudil hydrochloride,FH)作为药物后适应在MI/IR中治疗进展作一综述。

1 Rho蛋白/ROCK在MI/IR中作用机制

1.1Rho蛋白/ROCK与炎症反应、氧化应激

Rho蛋白(Rho A)属于小分子三磷酸鸟苷(guanosinetriphosphate,GTP)结合蛋白中Ras家族的一员,Rho激酶(ROCK)与平滑肌的收缩、细胞粘附和胞质分裂等多种细胞功能相关,ROCK的过度表达与心血管疾病密切相关[6]。研究表明心肌再灌注有炎症级联的细胞因子上调[7]和氧化应激[8],炎症因子浸润后释放促纤维化细胞因子[8],循环中高水平促纤维化细胞因子可引起心肌功能障碍[9]。再灌注后心肌的RhoA及ROCK表达上调,活性增强,也可以介导炎症细胞包括白细胞的浸润和黏附[10],抑制ROCK活性可减少白细胞的聚集和黏附[11,12]、显著减少AMI后心肌中炎症因子的表达[13],也能降低内皮细胞氧化酶表达、减少超氧化物的产生[14]。

1.2Rho蛋白/ROCK与内皮功能紊乱

研究表明[15]Rho A/ROCK/PI3K/Akt是调节内皮细胞功能的重要通路,Rho A/ROCK通过其下游多个分子途径调节内皮源性一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)活性影响内皮细胞的功能完整性。体内试验[16]证实AMI后肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统被激活,ROCK介导血管紧张素Ⅱ引起的一系列病理生理反应,其中包括NO依赖性血管内皮功能障碍。Kawanami等[17]证实ROCK上调单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的表达来介导凝血酶介导的内皮细胞的激活。抑制丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)的活性可减少一氧化氮(NO)的产生,RhoA/ROCK也可增加与eNOS竞争底物L精氨酸减少NO的产生[18]。抑制ROCK可以增加eNOS活性对MI/IR后的心脏起到保护作用[16]。总之,RhoA及ROCK参与了内皮屏障功能,炎症,血小板激活,血栓,基因表达和氧化应激的调节[19]。

1.3Rho蛋白/ROCK与钙超载

Ca2+作为细胞内第二信使,在维持细胞增殖、分裂、能量代谢中具有重要作用,再灌注时大量活性氧簇(reactive oxygenspecies,ROS)造成细胞膜受损、通透性增加,使得胞外Ca2+内流;缺血时三磷酸腺苷生成减少、无氧酵解增加导致细胞内酸中毒,细胞外液H+浓度迅速下降形成胞内外pH梯度差,激活Na+-H+交换蛋白使细胞内Na+浓度增加,胞浆Na+浓度升高激活过Na+-Ca2+交换蛋白逆向转运,引起细胞内Ca2+浓度增加,最终造成细胞内钙超载[20]。Rho A/ROCK均可作用于胞内肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)或胞内肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶(MLCP)来调节收缩蛋白对钙的敏感性[21]。ROCK通过抑制MLCP及活化MLCK,提高胞内肌球蛋白轻链(MLC)的磷酸化水平,提高肌球蛋白对Ca2+的敏感性,最终引起细胞收缩。研究证实在心肌MI/IR中,ROCK的活化扮演着重要的角色[22]。Cade-te等[23]研究显示给予ROCK抑制剂通过抑制钙超载明显减轻心肌MI/IR,Zhang等[24]研究显示缺血预适应中影响钙敏感性可以降低ROCK的活性,发挥心肌保护作用。

1.4Rho蛋白/ROCK与细胞凋亡

ROCK活化参与介导凋亡起始阶段的细胞内信号转导,触发凋亡[25]。通过肿瘤坏死因子α等具有死亡结构域的受体介导外源性途径的细胞凋亡,调节促凋亡及抗凋亡蛋白的表达等线粒体依赖性的内源性途径是ROCK介导凋亡的重要形式[26]。Bcl-2是一种原癌基因,其表达的负调节细胞凋亡,在MI/IR研究发现在心肌缺血下调Bcl-2蛋白的表达[27]。Bcl-2和增加Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)诱导的减少线粒体通透性转换孔的开放(MPTP)造成的效应,如细胞色素c从线粒体释放,启动caspase级联反应,也可导致细胞凋亡[28-31]。对心肌细胞体外实验发现RhoA/ROCK通路的活化能通过P53上调促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达并促进其线粒体转位,诱导活化线粒体死亡途径而导致心肌细胞凋亡[32]。同时持续表达ROCK导致caspase-3激活,活化的caspase-3又能剪切ROCK的PH结构域,对ROCK的激活形成正反馈促使细胞凋亡[33]。Zhang等[24]体内试验表明ROCK活性显著增强、激活JNK通路凋亡诱导因子转位,介导MI/IR的心肌细胞凋亡。ROCK介导肌动蛋白的重排来抑制磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶(RhoA/ROCK/PI3K/Akt)通路活性,参与诱导的内皮细胞凋亡[34]。

2 Rock抑制剂盐酸法舒地尔在MI/IR中心肌保护作用

法舒地尔是一种非选择性ROCK抑制剂,自从1995年在日本开始临床应用以来,被广泛用于治疗蛛网膜下腔出血以缓解脑血管痉挛和收缩[35]。在临床基础研究大鼠和猪的[36]模型中应用法舒地尔或Rock抑制剂Y27632可以减少梗死面积,减少炎症反应,减少细胞凋亡和增强收缩功能。同样在研究[28]应用Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对MI/IR保护心肌中,可以使乳酸脱氢酶和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶显着增加,表明Y-27632增加产生能源来心脏保护作用。用离体兔心脏模型中,ROCK激活e在IPC和IPC信号ERK-MAPK活化减少表达,法舒地尔可以减少MLC磷酸化eNOS的表达增加,增强冠状动脉血流量和心肌细胞恢复,表明法舒地尔可以防止移植后早期心肌功能障碍[20]。在多种动物模型缺血预处理观察[37-38]应用法舒地尔或Y27632可以减少梗死面积,氧化应激和细胞凋亡。研究显示Rho激酶抑制剂有抑制趋化肽诱导的磷酸化的增加肌球蛋白轻链,减少中性粒细胞趋化和细胞的迁移,减轻细胞凋亡的炎症反应[39]。2002年Masahiro Mohri[40]等在冠状动脉内注射盐酸法舒地尔治疗乙酰胆碱诱导的冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛和心肌缺血研究中,证实Rho激酶的抑制剂是冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛患者一种新的治疗策略,也是最早验证法舒地尔在临床患者冠状动脉内应用药物剂量及安全性研究。Mykytenko等[41]研究认为Ipost在再灌注晚期(24小时)仍有缩小梗死面积的作用,但程度较早期(3小时)下降,机制未明。对于法舒地尔作为Ipost是否具有长期的心肌保护作用及对患者心脏功能恢复仍需要临床试验验证。

总之,有越来越多的证据表明,RhoA/ROCK通路参与调控MI/IR多种病理生理机制作用。特异性ROCK抑制剂盐酸法舒地尔药物已被证明在MI/IR中Ipost心肌细胞保护作用,相信不久将来有更多临床试验验证法舒地尔在MI/IR中有效心肌保护作用。

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2014-03-21)

1007-4287(2014)12-2071-03

长春市科技局重点科技项目(D112FMPQ)

*通讯作者

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