薛 猛 姒健敏
浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院消化内科 浙江大学胃肠病研究所(310016)
溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种以结肠黏膜弥漫性病变为特征的特发性慢性炎症性疾病。尽管5-氨基水杨酸制剂和激素能缓解大多数UC患者的症状,仍有约30%的住院患者对激素治疗无应答,需通过免疫调节剂和(或)生物制剂甚至手术治疗以缓解症状[1]。许多研究试图阐明UC的潜在致病机制,并寻求有效治疗方法。
巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)是人类疱疹病毒科中病毒体结构最大的成员,具有一双链DNA核,其外包被衣壳蛋白、壳皮蛋白和囊膜蛋白,这些蛋白有利于CMV逃避宿主免疫反应,并可调节宿主基因转录和翻译[2]。CMV感染包括急性感染和CMV重新激活,是一种可侵犯机体内多个器官,特别是腺上皮和腔道上皮的系统性疾病。CMV病毒体可通过血液循环到达靶器官,继而通过内吞作用进入内皮细胞。感染细胞肿胀并在核内形成巨大的包涵体[3]。
大多数情况下,CMV感染人体后终生保持潜伏,然而在免疫低下患者中,如HIV感染者、器官移植者[4]或因患自身免疫性疾病如 UC[5~7]而接受免疫抑制治疗者,CMV可逃避宿主免疫监视而重新激活(见图1)。
越来越多的证据表明,感染CMV的UC患者易发生激素治疗无效,CMV与激素难治性UC密切相关的观点已被广泛接受。本综述旨在简要回顾现有证据,并讨论这一相关性的可能机制。
炎症性肠病(IBD)患者中急性CMV感染并不罕见且常被低估。难治性或复杂IBD患者在接受冲击性免疫抑制治疗前应排除CMV感染[8]。一些研究[9~17]报道,大多数CMV阳性UC患者对激素治疗无应答,CMV阳性者的激素耐药发生率远高于CMV阴性者(见表1)。
Wada等[10]发现,CMV 阳性 UC患者中的重症者比例显著高于CMV阴性患者。Kuwabara等[13]报道,从CMV阴性、CMV轻微感染至CMV重度感染,UC患者的临床表现逐渐加重。与CMV阴性UC患者相比,CMV阳性患者常于激素治疗的基础上接受AZA、CsA 和英夫利西单抗治疗[18]。
图1 CMV重新激活的机制及其在激素难治性UC中的作用
表1 CMV阳性和CMV阴性UC患者激素耐药发生率
与CMV阴性UC患者相比,CMV阳性患者手术指征更强,手术时机更为迫切,术后住院时间更长,术后并发症更常见,而适当的抗病毒治疗可缩短术后住院时间[13],降低对IBD相关结肠切除术的需求和死亡率[20]。一系列病例报道表明,CMV感染UC患者常发生中毒性巨结肠,在这些患者中,CMV检出的延迟可能最终导致结肠切除[21,22]。Kishore等[23]亦发现,IBD患者如合并CMV感染,需接受手术治疗(4/10对4/53)和死亡结局(3/10对0/53)将更为常见。
一些回顾性和前瞻性研究报道,对于激素难治性UC患者,抗CMV治疗可诱导缓解,避免肠段切除。Kambham等[11]报道,3例确诊CMV感染的UC患者接受静脉输注更昔洛韦或口服伐昔洛韦治疗后症状得以改善,激素逐渐减量并避免了结直肠切除。因此激素难治性UC患者应常规评估有无CMV感染,以避免不必要的药物或手术治疗[22]。一项前瞻性多中心研究[24]显示,78.6%(11/14)的CMV 感染激素难治性UC患者经更昔洛韦治疗后获得缓解。一些研究[7,10,11,14,16,17,22,24~30]评价了抗病毒治疗对CMV阳性激素难治性UC患者的有效性,结果显示不同研究人群缓解率不一,但总体缓解率可达80.2%(见表2)。
然而,并非所有研究均会显示出一致的结果。Maconi等[18]的研究中,CMV阳性与 CMV阴性 UC患者中激素抵抗者的比例差异无统计学意义(88%对67%)。一项回顾性研究[31]显示,激素依赖和需手术治疗与结肠组织检出CMV无统计学相关性。推测CMV检测方法可能会有一些假阴性结果,可以用来解释CMV阴性的激素难治性UC。此外,据信CMV感染是激素难治性UC的重要原因但并非惟一原因,因此一些小样本研究结果不一致并不能否定大量支持性证据。
Kojima等[19]将UC患者根据手术指征分为重度UC、难治性UC和UC相关异型增生/癌变组,评估三组患者的CMV感染率以及组间关系,发现难治性UC组CMV感染率低于重度UC组(8.3%对25%),重度UC患者因症状危重或致死性并发症(已排除UC相关异型增生/癌变患者)而寻求手术治疗可以用来解释这一现象。如果这些患者对激素治疗应答良好,手术治疗就不会成为首选治疗方式。这些患者病情过于严重,以致缺乏足够长的激素治疗“时间窗”,正是他们未被诊断为激素难治性UC的原因。
表2 CMV阳性激素难治性UC患者接受抗病毒治疗后的缓解率
Matsuoka等[5]报道,在一些活动期UC患者中,重新激活的CMV感染在未使用抗病毒药物的情况下自行消失。一些CMV重新激活具有自限性,可以解释CMV阳性活动期UC患者在未使用抗病毒药物的情况下仍能获得缓解[32]。部分CMV感染UC患者抗病毒治疗效果不佳,可能系更昔洛韦耐药所致[33]。
UC是一种主要累及结肠的炎症性疾病。尽管已提出多种假说,但其病因仍未完全阐明。已得到公认的四个UC基本病因为遗传、免疫调节障碍、肠黏膜屏障功能障碍和肠道菌群[34]。已发现一些病原体可能与UC相关,如JC多瘤病毒[35]和鸟分枝杆菌副结核亚种[36]。首例合并CMV感染的UC报道于1961年,但目前对CMV是一种UC病原体还是一个无关“过路者”,观点仍不一致[37],本文所回顾的临床研究大多数显示CMV感染与激素难治性UC密切相关。由于CMV的存在可诱导持续的免疫功能障碍,在UC发病中起关键作用[38],CMV阳性活动期UC患者很少能获得缓解,给予抗CMV药物有利于诱导缓解。
过去数十年中的大量研究揭示了CMV感染与激素难治性UC相关的可能机制。通过插入可模拟宿主基因功能的基因,病毒蛋白与宿主细胞蛋白交叉反应,引起自身免疫样病变[39]。CMV可引起T细胞功能障碍,如诱导CD4+T细胞分化为CD4+CD28-T细胞[40]。在缺乏共刺激分子CD28的情况下,CD4+T细胞可产生大量Th1型细胞因子,如IFN-γ 和 TNF-α,从而加剧炎症反应[41]。此外,CMV尚可激活NF-кB信号通路[42],诱导促炎细胞因子,包括 COX-2[43]、5-LO[44]等表达,导致炎症反应恶化(见图1)。
CMV颗粒的成熟伴随着胞内细胞毒性CD13分子增多。对常规药物治疗无应答而接受手术治疗的重度UC患者较易检出抗CD13自身抗体。在人结肠癌Caco-2细胞中加入上述患者的血清可增加死亡细胞比例,阻断CD13则可降低其比例[45]。
Koch’s准则包括四条标准,是一种可用于确定某一特定疾病病原微生物的方法,曾被用于发现HIV[46]和幽门螺杆菌[47]。第一条标准为患病个体中大量存在该病原体,健康个体中则不存在,该标准已基本为本文所回顾的研究证实,但仍需大量在严格纳入标准下获得的高质量标本,以检测激素难治性UC患者中CMV的存在情况,可联合应用不同检测方法以降低假阳性率和假阴性率[48]。第二条标准为病原体能在纯培养基上生长,从激素难治性UC患者中可分离出CMV满足该标准。可通过采用UC动物模型评估外源性CMV的致病性,以及确认日后能否从动物模型中分离出CMV,来满足第三和第四条标准。
糖皮质激素的药理作用依赖于糖皮质激素受体(GR)。GR有GRα和GRβ两个亚型,其中GRα为功能亚型,GRβ无生理学活性,但能与GRα结合而阻断其活性。P-糖蛋白170由多药耐药基因MDR编码,定位于淋巴细胞和肠上皮细胞的细胞膜,可将激素泵出细胞以减弱其作用。已发现激素难治性UC患者存在GRβ和MDR高表达[49,50]。检测感染外源性CMV的结肠细胞和实验动物的GRβ和MDR表达可确定CMV是否系通过调节这些靶点诱导UC患者对激素治疗产生抵抗。
根据本文所回顾的证据,可以认为CMV可能在激素难治性UC的发病中起一定作用。尚需进一步开展基础研究和前瞻性大样本临床研究,以使该假说更令人信服。
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