现在完成时用法须知

郭春波

请先看几道与现在完成时有关的中考题：

1. —Where is your father？

—He __________ Australia and he __________ Sydney for two weeks. （2012年广东省梅州市）

A. has been to； has been in B. has gone to； has been in

C. has been in； has been to D. has gone to； has been to

2. —Would you like to watch the three-D film Titanic with me？

—Certainly. I dont mind seeing it again although I _________ it twice. （2012年江苏省连云港市）

A. saw B. was seen C. have seen D. had seen

3. —_______ you _______ Jeremy Shu-How Lin？

—Yes. The once-nameless young man became a basketball hero suddenly. （2012年山东省日照市）

A. Did； hear B. Do； listen to

C. Have； heard of D. Have； listened to

4. Everyone except Tom and Mike ___________ Kunming before. （2012年贵州省六盘水市）

A. has gone to B. have gone to

C. has been to D. have been to

5. —Do you know the Englishman？

—Yes. I ________ him for two years. （2012年山东省聊城市）

A. get to know B. have known

C. knew D. got to know

分析：上面的几道中考题均是在考查同学们对现在完成时用法的掌握情况。答案分别是：1. B；2. C；3. C；4. C；5. B。

英语中，现在完成时是初中学生必须掌握的重要语法项目，也是每年中考必考内容之一，掌握它的用法对于同学们学好英语具有重要意义。下面我们一起来学习一下这一重要语法项目。

一、现在完成时的构成形式

现在完成时由“助动词have（has） + 动词的过去分词”构成。除主语是第三人称单数时用has外，其余人称均用have。它的各种句式是这样的：

肯定式：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 + 其他。

否定式：主语 + havent / hasnt + 过去分词 + 其他。

疑问式：Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词+其他？

简略答语：Yes， 主语 + have / has.

No， 主语 + havent / hasnt.

二、现在完成时的基本用法

1. 表示发生在过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如：

I have finished reading the book. 我读完了这本书。（知道了书的内容）

They have already cleaned the classroom. 他们已打扫了教室。（教室目前是干净的）

2.表示过去发生的某一动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在，并且可能继续延续下去。例如：

We have learned English for 2 years. 我们学习英语两年了。

He has lived here since he was born. 自从他出生以来，他一直住在这里。

三、与现在完成时连用的时间状语

与现在完成时连用的时间状语有“for + 一段时间”，“since + 时间点/谓语动词为一般过去时的句子”，“ in the past / last + 一段时间”， so far， up to now， all these days等。例如：

He has been away for two months. 他已经离开两个月了。

Father has been an English teacher since 1995. 自从1995年以来，父亲一直当英语教师。

Mr Green has been at this school since he came to China. 自从格林先生到中国以来，就一直在这所学校任教。

He has been in America in the past / last few years. 在过去的几年里，他一直在美国。

We have learned more than two thousand English words so far. 到目前为止， 我们学习了两千多个英语单词。

四、与现在完成时连用的常见副词

与现在完成时连用的常见副词有already、just、yet、ever、never等。already、just多用于肯定句中，yet、ever、never多用于否定句和疑问句中。例如：

I have already finished my homework. 我已经做完了家庭作业。

He hasnt read the novel yet. 他还没有读过这本小说。

I have never been to the city before. 我以前从未去过那个城市。

We have just seen the film. 我们刚看过那部电影。

Have you ever been to the Great Wall？ 你曾经去过长城吗？

五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

两者表示的动作或状态都发生在过去，但是现在完成时侧重过去的动作对现在的影响或过去的动作一直持续到现在，它不能与具体的过去时间连用，所以现在完成时中没有以when引导的特殊疑问句。一般过去时表示过去的时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系。例如：

I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（说明现在我没有笔用）

He lost his pen yesterday. 他昨天把钢笔丢了。（说明钢笔是在昨天丢的，现在找到与否，说话人并不关注）

—Have you had your supper？你吃过晚饭没？（说话人在问，现在你饿不饿）

—Yes， I have. 吃了。（意为我现在饱了，不再吃了）

—When did you have it？ 你什么时候吃的？（说话人问的是“吃”这一动作发生在什么时间）

—I had it about half an hour ago. 我大约是半小时前吃的。

六、现在完成时中的非延续性动词与延续性动词

在现在完成时态的句子中，非延续性动词不能和“for + 一段时间”连用。若汉语句子中有非延续性动词，又有表示一段时间的状语，就不可机械、生硬地将其译成英语。而应该用下面三种方式对英语句子加以改造： ①根据意义将非延续性动词改为相应的延续性动词；②将“for + 一段时间”改为“...ago”的形式；③改用“Its...since”或“...have passed since”句式。例如：

我离开北京二十多年了。

误：I have left Beijing for over twenty years.

正：I have been away from Beijing for over twenty years.

正：I left Beijing over twenty years ago.

正：It is over twenty years since I left Beijing.

正：Over twenty years has passed since I left Beijing.

但是非延续性动词的否定式可以与段时间连用。例如：

I havent met him since last week. 自从上周我就没遇见过他。

He hasnt come here for a week. 他已一周没来这儿。

值得注意的是，一次性的非延续性动词不能这样用。如我们不能说He hasnt joined the league for two years.（他已两年未入团）。The man hasnt died for three months.（这人已三个月未死）。

【温馨提示】一些常见的非延续性动词与延续性动词的相互转换也是我们必须牢记的，常见的就有come / go / reach / arrive→be in / at，leave→be away from，borrow / lend→keep，buy→have，join→be in / be a member of，die→be dead，start / begin→be on，finish / end→be over，open→be open，close→be closed，marry→be married，fall asleep / ill→be asleep / ill，get up→be up，come back→be back，return→be back，put on→wear，put on（上演）→be on，go to school→be in school，get to know→know，catch / get a cold→have a cold等。

七、have（has） been to，have（has） gone to 与have（has） been in（at）的区别

1. have（has） been to表示某人曾经到达某处。指这个人已去彼地现又回到此地，它常与just、ever、never、once、twice、several等连用。例如：

I have just been to the post office. 我刚去过邮局。

Have you ever been to Tianjin？ 你去过天津吗？

2. have（has） gone to 表示某人到某处去了，或在去的路上或已到某处，反正不在此地。一般不用第一二人称代词作句子的主语。例如：

—Where are they？他们在哪儿？

—They have gone to Hawaii for their holiday. 他们去夏威夷度假了。

It cant be Miss Yang. She has gone to the library. 那不可能是杨老师，她去图书馆了。

3. have（has） been in（at）表示“已在某地”或“在某地呆过”，其后常与“for + 时间段”、“since + 时间点或从句”等时间状语连用。例如：

I have been in Nanchang for twenty years. 我在南昌二十年了。

Mary has been in Shanghai since last year. 玛丽自从去年以来就呆在上海。

【学以致用】

1. —Where is Mr Black？ I have something important to tell him.

—You cant find him. He ______ Hong Kong. （2012年湖北省孝感市）

A. will go to B. would go to

C. has gone to D. has been to

2. —Do you miss your parents far away？

—Yes， very much. They ___________ the hometown for over two years. （2012年江苏省泰州市）

A. left B. have left

C. were away from D. have been away from

3. —Could you tell me where Jim is？ I want to return the bicycle to him.

—Oh， he _______ the library. He will be back soon. （2012年广西壮族自治区钦州市）

A. goes to B. has gone to

C. has been to D. went to

4. —Heyuan develops so fast.

—Thats true. Great changes ______ in Heyuan in the last few years. （2012年广东省河源市）

A. have been taken place B. took place

C. take place D. have taken place

5. Hurry up！The concert ______ for ten minutes. （2012年青海省西宁市）

A. has begun B. has been on

C. began D. was on

6. I have been to Shanghai. I ________ there last month. （2012年天津市）

A. go B. went C. have gone D. will go

7. Miss Zhang， the most beautiful teacher， ______ many flowers and letters these days. （2012年河北省）

A. received B. will receive

C. was receiving D. has received

8. Mark _________ in China for 10 years and now he teaches Chinese in Britain. （2012年浙江省杭州市）

A. has worked B. worked

C. had worked D. is working

9. —Are you a soccer player in your school？

—Yes， I _____ the team two years ago. I ______ in the team for two years. （2012年四川省宜宾市）

A. have joined； have been B. was joined； am

C. joined； was D. joined； have been

10. —Hello， mum. Are you still on Lushan Mountain？

—Oh， no. We are back home. We ______ a really good journey. （2012年江西省）

A. have B. had C. are having D. will have