王方清
(金坛市第一中学,江苏 金坛 213200)
基于情境体验的高三英语语法复习教学例谈
王方清
(金坛市第一中学,江苏 金坛 213200)
语法复习宜建立在以语篇为基础的语境中,可采用听、说、读、写、译等多样活动来培养学生的观察、体验、探究和归纳能力。语法知识在实际语境中应灵活运用,用提高语法教学的趣味性来增加教学的有效性。关键词:语法复习;语境;体验;探究;归纳
高三教学时间紧、任务重,因此,有些教师在语法复习中就先讲解语法,然后通过做大量的标准练习题来巩固和运用语法;还有的教师甚至省略掉讲解这个步骤,直接进入大量的标准化习题的操练,认为多做试题,学生即能逐渐明了语法现象,掌握语法知识(魏晓春,2011)。实际上,这样的语法复习方法脱离语境,重形式、轻运用;重教师的教,轻学生的学。这种枯燥乏味的教学方式,不仅低效、耗时,还会让学生身陷题海,疲于应战,不堪重负,更谈不上乐学、善学,反而会越学越糊涂,甚至会厌学。
在课堂教学中创设与教学内容相关的情境能够让学生较快、较好地融入学习活动(梁巍巍,2011)。因此,在高三的语法复习教学中,笔者尝试通过身边的公众事件或者学生感兴趣的热点话题,巧妙自然地融入目标语法,创设真实的语境,激发学生的主体意识和参与意识,使学生在真实的语境中,用心感受、体验。
笔者在全市高三英语教学年会上执教了一节“动词时态复习”研讨课。动词时态的知识零碎繁琐,要想在一节课上让学生有所收获,教师不能面面俱到,只能突出重点和难点。通过学情了解,我决定把本节课的重点放在容易混淆的时态的理解和运用上。我选取了时态中容易混淆的三组时态,在真实的语境中进行体验、比较和归纳三组时态的用法,然后在语篇中整体运用。这节课打破了传统语法复习课的授课模式,构建了“情境感知——体验——归纳——运用反馈”的语法复习模式。该模式是以一个真实的语境为载体,以话题为主线,依托多样的练习活动来复习目标语法。
[教学片段1]
播放一段小悦悦事件的新闻视频,该视频包含有事故现场的监控录像,看完以后就学生的感受进行了简短的讨论。
T:How do you feel?
S1:I feel sad for Xiao Yueyue.
S2:I feel angry with the drivers.
S3:I feel disappointed and angry with the cold-blooded passers-by.
S4:I am deeply moved by the garbage collector.
根据学生回答的内容,分别引出与该事故有关的主要人物,并在PPT上显示出每个人物的图片:捡垃圾的阿姨、第一个司机、小悦悦的妈妈和冷漠的路人。
[评析]
小悦悦事件成为很热点的话题,这也是值得所有中国人反思的一个事件。小悦悦的悲惨遭遇让人同情,路人的冷漠更是激起了任何一个有良知的人的愤慨。通过观看视频,笔者把学生自然引入一个情境。通过简短讨论,激发学生对这个话题的思考,为后面的学习做好铺垫。
[教学片段2]
事故中那个捡垃圾的阿姨是最令人感动的人物,因此,我布置一个问题让学生自由讨论:The garbage collector is famous because of her great deed,but she left the place where she had saved the girl.Can you guess why?简短讨论后让学生完成一个对话填空来比较一般过去时和现在完成时的用法。
Shot one:After the accident,Mrs.Chen had a talk with his son who is also a migrant worker in a factory.
Mother:I__________ (decide) to go back to Yangshan(her hometown),so I can’t cook meals for you any more.
Son:Must you go back home?
Mother:Certainly!The poor girl_________(lie)on the ground for seven minutes the other day,but no one stopped to help her.I_________(stay)here for 12 years,but I didn’t know these people are so cold-blooded.
[教学片段3]
小悦悦的离去和第一个司机有直接关系,如果他能停下来看一下,事情也许不至于此。因此,我提出下面的问题让学生讨论:“Did the driver know what had happened?”“Why didn’t he stop but escape?”学生在讨论的时候猜测了很多种理由。根据真实的新闻线索,我编导了一段警察和司机的审讯对话,学生通过完成对话填空来辨别一般过去时和过去完成时。
Shot two:The police released that the first driver_________(give oneself up投案自首)to the police on October 21.The following is the inquest(审讯).
Policeman:Why didn’t you stop to have a look when the accident happened?
Driver:I_______ (intend)to stop,but I thought it must be a pack of rubbish then.
Policeman:So,you drove on? However the video shows that……
[教学片段4]
在观看视频后,有学生提出小悦悦的妈妈也有责任,因为她未能看护好一个幼童,于是我让学生讨论:“Should Xiao Yueyue’s mother be to blame?”“Can you guess her feeling after the accident?”根据视频的内容,我编导了一段记者和小悦悦妈妈的对话,以此来辨析现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别。
Shot three:A segment(片段)from a talk between a journalist and Xiao Yueyue’s mother
Journalist:____you____(find)out any witness who can prove the driver’s guilt?
Xiao Yueyue’s mother:Not yet,but we____(look for)one since the accident happened.
Journalist:The tragedy____ (happen),and I know how sad you are now,but the living have to live on.Do you hate the drivers and the indifferent passers-by?
Xiao Yueyue’s mother:Well,I am just speechless...
[教学片段5]
新闻视频中主持人明显表示出了对冷漠路人的谴责,学生在观看视频时也同样很愤慨。因此,我问学生:“Why didn’t the passers-by take any action?”“Didn’t they really see anything?”视频中的一些目击者后来在微博中为自己辩解,下面是几个例子,通过这几个例子来理解频度副词与现在进行时连用表达谴责、愤慨、惊讶或者表扬的用法。
Shot four:Voices from some passers-by
Passer-by A:Why____the public____(always blame)others?To offer help or not is my own business.
Passer-by B:I witnessed the accident,but I dare not take any action,because the rescuers____(constantly suffer)great loss from helping those in need.It’s reported that some people earn money by“touching porcelain”.
完成每段对话的填空后让学生讨论,老师再给出正确答案,和学生一起归纳各组时态的区别和用法。
[评析]
在课堂教学中,教师要为学生提供体验的空间,注重培养学生的思辨能力。如果学生不经历自主体验以及对体验内容的思考、质疑、判断、比较、选择、概括、评价等思维活动,就难以获得结论,也难以真正理解要体验的内容(杨贤龙、赵继光,2011)。容易混淆的时态之间的区别是学生学习的难点,也是考试的重点,如果只抽象地辨析规则,学生很难理解和接受。只要真正理解了各种时态的区别和用法,才能从根本上提高解题能力。因此,我根据新闻背后的事实线索,引导学生积极参与进来,热烈讨论与该事件相关的人物和事件背后的社会原因,让学生在具体生动的语境中用心体验、灵活运用,并辨析时态的区别、归纳时态难点。
[教学片段6]
英语中有些固定句型中的时态相对固定,借助这个话题,我让学生根据句型结构翻译以下句子。
(1)中国政府早该意识到道德滑坡(moraldecline)的严重性(severity)。(It is high time that sb.did/should do)
(2)这是我第一次被路人的冷漠(indifference)深深地震惊。(This/It is the first time that sb.have/has done)
(3)这是我遇到的最令人费解(confusing)的事件。(This/It is最高级…that sb.have/has done)
(4)我宁愿这个世界没有欺诈(fraud),只有信任和真诚。(would rather that sb.did)
(5)这次事故中第二个司机还没来得及逃跑就被抓住了。(No sooner…had sb.done…than或者Hardly/scarcely…had sb.done…when)
(6)助人者,人助之。(祈使句+and+…will…)
[评析]
围绕小悦悦事件,以情境为线索,结合固定的句型结构进行翻译练习可以让学生掌握常见句型中的时态运用,是一种重要的语言输出形式。在本课话题的情境下翻译这些句子,学生更容易理解和掌握。
[教学片段7]
小悦悦的离去是一个悲剧,有很多原因造成了这个悲剧。为此,我设计了一个讨论的话题:“谁杀死了小悦悦?”学生先分小组讨论,然后学生陈述小组的观点。
T:We know Xiao Yueyue’s death is a shocking tragedy,but in fact this tragedy could have been avoided.Many factors and people concerned should be responsible for her death.What do you think are they?
S1:I think the driver should primarily responsible for her death because if he had stopped to have a look,the poor girl could have been saved.The driver escaped because he was afraid of being punished.
S2:In my opinion,her mother is to blame.She failed to look after her daughter.I guess she has been living in guilt since her daughter died.
S3:Certainly,it was the passers-by’s indifference and ignorance that killed Xiao Yueyue.
T:But why are they indifferent or even heatless?
S4:Perhaps they were afraid of saving her because they were afraid of being wrongly charged.Can’t you remember the case that happened in Nanjing?In the case a man named Peng Yu gave a hand to an old woman who fell down on the ground.In the end he was wrongly chargedwithknockingdowntheoldwoman.What’s more,there is a new type of fraud which is called‘touch
porcelain’.Some people earn money illegally by doing so.
[评析]
语法知识的巩固并不局限于某种单一的形式,围绕这个热点话题,通过自由讨论,学生可以在自然的语境中进行真实的交流,交流的过程中必然会使用到各种语法,这样既避免了事倍功半的死记硬背,又能通过自己的应用来加深记忆。
[教学片段8]
根据统计预测,2012年中国机动车数量将达到2亿辆,我们每天都面临着来自这些交通工具的威胁。为此,我布置学生写一篇短文,要求简要描述事故的过程,结合现实生活谈谈自己的感想,尽量用到10种常用时态。以下是一个学生的习作:
From the video we can see that Xiao Yueyue was run over by a minibus and a truck.The drivers knew what had happened but they escaped because they thought they would be heavily punished.What’s worse,when she was lying on the ground,no one except a garbage collector stopped to give a hand.
All these days,I have been thinking why those passers-by are so indifferent and even cold-blooded.According to a survey,the number of vehicles will have reached 200 million by the year 2012.At that time,we shall be living in an ocean of vehicles but we don’t hope we shall be living in a world of indifference.It is hoped that tragedies like that will not happen forever even though everybody is facing potential threats associated with traffic now.Most important of all,please give a hand when someone is in need.
[评析]
这篇短文表达了作者对小悦悦事件的感受,也结合现实提出了自己的想法和期望,并且巧妙地运用了10种常用的时态。通过习题发现很多学生在做关于时态的单项选择题时,正确率比较高,但是在写作的过程中却不能完全正确使用时态。本课先让学生在真实的情境中体验时态的区别,然后通过各种形式练习时态的用法,最后通过写作活动集中输出来检测时态的运用。
(1)语法复习的重点应该是语法知识的运用,而不是语法形式,形式是为运用服务的。过分强调语法形式的课堂复习模式会让课堂枯燥单调,也影响复习的效果。因此,教师应该从生活实际出发,创设别出心裁的真实语境,通过听、说、读、写、练多种形式来运用目标语法知识。
(2)语法复习尽量采用归纳的方法,先让学生体验、感知,通过感性的体验再到理性的分析和归纳,并内化为自己的知识。时态复习时比较枯燥,但教师可以根据学习内容挑选学生经历过的活动、熟悉的话题或者社会事件作为课堂的活动素材(冒晓飞,2011)。真实的语言素材能迅速活跃课堂气氛,拉近师生之间的距离,激发学生的学习兴趣,又能给学生提供体验、运用语言的机会。
(3)语境的创设要和谐统一,浑然一体,根据语言运用的需要,围绕一个中心话题灵活地设计不同的具体语境,让学生在真实、自然的语境中开展学习活动。
高三的课程大多是复习课,学生时间紧,任务重,压力大,传统的语法课单调枯燥,耗时费力,效率低下。教师应结合实际生活创设真实生动的情境,设计一些互动活动,让学生乐于参与其中,调动学生的学习积极性,提高复习的有效性。
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(责任编辑:符 洁)