张霆霆 黄志军 王莉 陆建平
·论著·
慢性胰腺炎的猫模型制作及磁共振影像表现
张霆霆 黄志军 王莉 陆建平
目的制备猫慢性胰腺炎(CP)模型,观察其MRI与MRCP的影像学表现。方法32只猫按数字表法随机分为对照组及制模后3、5、7周组。采用胰管不全结扎法制备CP模型,术后3、5、7周行MRI平扫及MRCP检查,观察胰腺形态,测量胰管直径及感兴趣区(ROI)的T1信号强度值(T1s),计算同层胰腺及肝脏T1s比值。结果制模的24只猫中存活19只,其中15只形成CP,病理证实轻、中、重度CP分别为7、5、3只,制模成功率为62.5%。在MRI上,猫的正常胰腺显示清晰,T1加权像信号强度高于肝脏,T2加权像信号强度低于肝脏;在MRCP图像上,4只正常猫显示主胰管,胰管最大径(0.79±0.18)mm,并可见胰管及胆总管共同开口于十二指肠降部。正常胰腺及轻、中、重度CP感兴趣区的rT1s值分别为1.03±0.06、0.95±0.08、0.90±0.10、0.80±0.11,各CP组与正常对照组间差异均有统计学意义(t=2.18,P<0.05;t=2.89,P<0.05;t=4.63,P<0.01);胰管最大径分别为(0.79±0.18)、(0.95±0.24)、(1.26±0.31)、(2.67±0.71)mm,中、重度CP组与正常对照组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论胰管不全结扎可制备猫的CP模型。猫的胰腺解剖形态、CP的MRI及MRCP表现与人类相似。
猫; 胰腺; 磁共振成像; 胰胆管造影术,磁共振; 慢性胰腺炎
慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis,CP)是指胰腺持续性进行性炎症导致不可逆的胰腺形态和功能改变,其发病率逐年增加[1],目前尚无特异的诊断方法与有效的治疗措施。为了更好地研究CP的预防、诊断、治疗,人们制造了多种 CP 动物模型。本研究以猫为对象,制造慢性梗阻性胰腺炎模型,并观察其MRI及MRCP的成像表现,为CP外分泌功能磁共振定量分析奠定基础。
一、动物分组及CP模型制作
健康成年猫32只,由第二军医大学动物中心提供,许可证号:SCXK(沪) 2007-0003,雌雄不限,体重(3.5±0.3)kg。饲养1周后称重,按数字表法随机分为对照组及制模后3、5、7周组,每组8只。采用胰腺颈部不完全结扎猫主胰管的方法制备慢性阻塞性胰腺炎模型。即首先用3-0丝线将胰颈部主胰管与双股3-0聚丙烯线一起结扎,然后去除双股3-0聚丙烯线即为超过75%的主胰管被结扎。
二、磁共振检查及影像学分析
应用Siemens Avanto 1.5T磁共振扫描机。使用腹部相控阵线圈采集MR数据,均采用自由呼吸触发扫描。扫描方法:先行轴位快速小角度激发梯度回波;刀锋伪影校正(BLADE)技术脂肪抑制快速自旋回波,三维魔方成像采集MRCP(3D-SPACE-MRCP)冠状面扫描。将原始图像在工作站利用Inspace后处理,去除高信号的脊髓影、膀胱影、胃内液体影及部分肠道液体影,使胰管、胆总管、胆囊及肝内外胆管情况显示最佳。
在MRI的T1WI及T2WI上观察胰腺的大小形态、解剖位置及信号强度;测量感兴趣区的信号强度,计算同层胰腺及肝脏T1s的比值rT1s信号强度。在MRCP上观察胰腺的主胰管与胆总管的走形与形态,测量并比较主胰管的直径。
三、胰腺病理检查
扫描后立即取胰腺行病理检查,并行Sirius Red染色。按胰腺内炎细胞浸润、 纤维化和腺泡萎缩程度定义CP,并按Ferrer等[2]方法将CP分级。
四、统计学方法
一、猫正常胰腺的大体解剖、影像学及病理表现
猫正常胰腺呈C型,紧贴十二指肠降部(图1a、1b),类似于人类胰腺,大致可分为头、颈、体、尾4部分。正常胰腺MRI显示胰腺T1WI呈稍高信号,信号高于肝脏信号(图1c),T2WI呈稍低信号,信号低于肝脏信号(图1d);MRCP上胆囊及肝内外胆管清晰可见,有4只猫的主胰管显示,形态纤细,走形自然,主胰管直径(0.79±0.18)mm,并可见胰管及胆总管共同开口于十二指肠的降部(图1e)。正常胰腺的腺泡结构、导管及血管结构均完整,存在极少量的纤维组织。
图1 猫正常胰腺的大体解剖、影像学表现
二、猫CP模型的成功率
5只猫术后1~2周死亡,其中1只死于急性坏死性胰腺炎,1只死于切口疝及腹腔感染。存活的19只猫中,15只病理证实胰腺体尾部形成了慢性阻塞性胰腺炎,制模成功率为62.5%(15/24);其中轻、中、重度CP分别为7、5、3只。
三、猫CP的影像学表现
正常胰腺感兴趣区rT1s为1.03±0.06,胰管最大径为(0.79±0.18)mm。轻度CP的MRI(图2a)示胰腺大小、形态基本正常,胰腺信号T1WI略低、T2WI等信号,感兴趣区rT1s为0.95±0.08(t=2.18,P<0.05),2例胰管未显示, 5例胰管轻度扩张或正常,最大径(0.95±0.24)mm。中度CP(图2b)的胰腺体积轻度萎缩或正常,T1WI信号较低、T2WI略高,感兴趣区rT1s为0.90±0.10,主胰管最大径(1.26±0.31)mm。重度CP(图2c)的胰腺体积萎缩,正常形态消失,胰腺实质信号不均,呈 T1WI低、T2WI较高信号,感兴趣区rT1s为0.80±0.11,胰管扩张扭曲并见分支胰管扩张,主胰管最大径(2.67±0.71) mm。中、重度感兴趣区rT1s及主胰管最大径与正常组均有显著性差异(P<0.05或0.01)。
图2猫CP的影像学表现 a:轻度CP;b:中度CP;c:重度CP
建立CP动物模型对了解本病发病机制及诊治都具有十分重要的意义。以往多以鼠、猪为对象,但有一定局限性。鼠的胰腺体积较小,猪的体积较大,均不方便进行图像分析;兔子为食草类动物,胰腺不发达;猫的体积适中,胰腺形态类似于人类,呈C行长带状,且胰管及胆总管共同开口于十二指肠降部。
建立CP模型的方法有多种。食物诱导法是一种相对成熟而简单的造模方法,模型稳定,成功率较高,且非侵入性方法对机体内环境影响小[3],但造模时间长,缺乏后期并发症的表现。蛙皮素注射法适合于复发性 CP的研究[4]。二丁基二氯化物注射造模法可用于发病机制,尤其是胰腺纤维化机制的探讨,且成本较低[5],但需开腹行胰管注射,具有一定的创伤。Tanaka等[6]设计了胰腺慢性缺血诱导CP模型的方法,其重复性及稳定性好,但所需费用及人力较多。Boerma等[7]结扎了猪的胰管,发现在 4周后即可出现胰腺功能、组织和生化的改变,如胰腺萎缩、胰导管内压明显升高、腺泡萎缩等,同时有大量的胰腺星状细胞增生,胶原明显沉积,胰液的分泌量及其淀粉酶和脂肪酶含量都明显减少。Widdison等[8]采用结扎杂种猫主胰管直径超过75%的方法制备慢性阻塞性胰腺炎。本实验应用该法制模成功率为62.5%。在MRI上,轻度CP形态无明显改变,中、重度CP表现为胰腺体积萎缩,T1WI上信号减低,T2WI上信号增高;MRCP上可显示胰管的扩张,重度CP还可见分支胰管。这些征象与人类的CP影像表现较相似。
因此,应用胰管部分结扎可制备猫慢性阻塞性胰腺炎的模型,且能方便进行手术操作及MRI检查,适合进行CP的MRI影像学研究,为之后的CP外分泌功能的MRCP的定量分析奠定基础。
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2010-11-24)
(本文编辑:吕芳萍)
AnimalmodelofchronicpancreatitisincatsandMRimagingfeatures
ZHANGTing-ting,HUANGZhi-jun,WANGLi,LUJian-ping.
DepartmentofRadiology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
WANGLi,Email:wangli_changhai@163.com
ObjectiveTo establish an animal model of cat with chronic pancreatitis (CP), and to investigate the imaging features of MRI and MRCP of normal pancreas and CP.MethodsThirty two cats were randomly divided into control group (n=8) and experimental group (n=24) (3, 5, 7 weeks after model establishment, eight cats in every group). Partial ligation of the pancreatic duct was used to induce chronic pancreatitis. All cats underwent MRI plain scanning, MRCP scanning 3, 5, and 7 weeks after modeling to observe the pancreas morphology. The values of T1 signal intensity of pancreas were obtained using a region of interest (ROI) method, and the diameter of pancreatic duct was measured. The ratios of T1 signal intensity (rT1s) between pancreas and liver were calculated and compared.ResultsNineteen of 24 cats survived, and 15 cats developed CP, and the pathologic examinations showed mild, middle, severe CP developed in 7, 5, 3 cats, suggesting a successful model induction rate of 62.5%. The pancreases of cats were displayed clearly on MRI. The signal intensity of pancreas was higher than that of liver on T1WI, whereas it was lower than that of liver on T2WI. Meanwhile, there were four cats′ pancreatic ducts were shown on MRCP, the maximum diameter of pancreatic duct was (0.79±0.18) mm, and the opening orifice of pancreatic duct was located at descendant duodenum with common bile duct. The rT1s of ROI of normal pancreas, mild, middle, severe CP was 1.03±0.06,0.95±0.08,0.90±0.10,0.80±0.11, and the difference among these groups was statistically significant (t=2.18,P<0.05;t=2.89,P<0.05;t=4.63,P<0.01). The maximum diameter of pancreatic duct was (0.79±0.18), (0.95±0.24), (1.26±0.31), (2.67±0.71)mm, and maximum diameter of pancreatic duct of middle, severe CP was significantly different when compared with that of normal pancreas (P<0.05 or <0.01).ConclusionsThe method of partial ligation of pancreatic duct can induce CP in cats. The normal pancreas and CP of cats are similar with human with respect to anatomy, morphology, MR and MRCP imaging features.
Cats; Pancreas; Magnetic resonance imaging; Cholangiopancreatography,magnetic resonance; Chronic pancreatitis
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2011.05.014
国家自然科学基金(81070371)
200433 上海,第二军医大学长海医院医学影像科(张霆霆、王莉、陆建平);上海市交通大学医学院附属新华医院影像科(张霆霆);江苏省盐城市第一人民医院普外科(黄志军)
王莉,Email:wangli_changhai@163.co