杜丽娟 詹茜 邵成伟 卢明智 左长京 吕桃珍 陆建平
·论著·
胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌39例的CT影像学特征
杜丽娟 詹茜 邵成伟 卢明智 左长京 吕桃珍 陆建平
目的探讨胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT影像学特征。方法回顾性分析经过病理证实的21例浆液性囊腺瘤、12例黏液性囊腺瘤、6例黏液性囊腺癌的CT影像学资料,分析肿瘤部位、单(多)囊、最大囊直径、囊壁特征、囊内分隔、肿瘤边界、肿瘤与胰管关系等影像学征象。结果21例浆液性囊腺瘤中17例位于胰头颈部,5例位于胰体尾部,其中1例为多发;均为多囊,平均最大囊直径为1.8 cm;4例囊壁或分隔有钙化,7例分隔可见软组织成分;10例胰管轻度增宽。12例黏液性囊腺瘤中6例位于胰头颈部,6例位于胰体尾部;4例为多囊,平均最大囊直径为4.5 cm;1例分隔可见钙化,6例囊壁可见软组织成分;2例胰管扩张,3例胰管轻度增宽。6例黏液性囊腺癌中5例位于胰体尾部,1例位于胰头颈部;4例为多囊,平均最大囊直径为5.1 cm;1例分隔可见钙化,5例囊壁可见软组织成分;1例胰管扩张,1例胰管轻度增宽。所有病灶与胰管均不相通,增强后病灶软组织成分及分隔均有不同程度强化。结论胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT表现具有一定的特征性,但对于少数不典型表现病例,诊断仍存在困难。
胰腺肿瘤; 囊腺瘤; 囊腺癌; 体层摄影术,X线计算机; 磁共振成像
胰腺囊性肿瘤较少见,约占胰腺肿瘤的10%,占恶性胰腺肿瘤的2%~4%[1],其中以浆液性囊腺瘤和黏液性囊腺瘤最为常见。近年来,影像学技术的发展与应用,使得该病的检出率不断提高[2]。本研究回顾性分析已经获得病理诊断的39例胰腺囊腺瘤及囊腺癌患者的CT影像资料,以期进一步探讨与总结它们的CT特征。
一、一般材料
收集2005年至2010年我院收治的经病理证实的39例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的CT影像资料,其中男13例、女26例,年龄28~85岁。主要临床表现为中上腹隐痛、腰背部胀痛(18例)或无明显症状体检发现胰腺占位(21例)。最后确诊浆液性囊腺瘤21例,黏液性囊腺瘤12例,黏液性囊腺癌患者6例。
二、CT检查方法
采用64排螺旋 CT(西门子)扫描仪进行扫描,平扫后行增强扫描。增强扫描采用CT专用高压注射器团注射对比剂碘海醇80~100 ml,注射流率为3~4 ml/s,分别于注药开始后延迟20~25、40~50、85~100 s扫描获得动脉期、胰腺期和肝脏期图像。重建层厚为3 mm。由影像科主任医师读片。最大囊直径取长径与短径的平均值。胰管直径≤3 mm为轻度增宽,>3 mm为扩张[3]。
一、浆液性囊腺瘤的CT征象
21例浆液性囊腺瘤中,17例位于胰头颈部,5例位于胰体尾部,其中1例为多发。病灶为圆形或类圆形。21例均为多囊,内见分隔(图1a),边缘清晰。最大囊直径0.5~7.0 cm,平均为1.8 cm。4例见病灶钙化,其中1例囊壁钙化,3例分隔钙化,为斑点状或斑片状而非放射状。7例囊壁见软组织成分,其中1例软组织成分多于囊性成分。增强后病灶软组织成分及分隔均有强化(图1b),其中1例软组织成分较多,且明显强化,被误诊为胰岛细胞瘤。10例患者胰管轻度增宽,11例胰管未显示。病灶与胰管均无沟通。
图1 浆液性囊腺瘤的CT征象
二、黏液性囊腺瘤的CT征象
12例黏液性囊腺瘤中,6例位于胰头颈部,6例位于胰体尾部。病灶为圆形、类圆形或不规则形。4例为多囊,内见分隔(图2);8例为单囊,其中1例囊内见稍高密度液平。3例病灶与周围组织境界欠清,边缘模糊。最大囊直径0.8~9.0 cm,平均为4.5 cm。1例分隔见钙化。6例囊壁见软组织成分。增强后囊壁、分隔及病灶软组织有不同程度强化。2例胰管扩张,3例胰管轻度增宽,7例胰管未显示。病灶与胰管均未沟通。
三、黏液性囊腺癌的CT征象
6例黏液性囊腺癌中,1例位于胰头颈部,5例位于胰体尾部。病灶为圆形、类圆形或不规则形。4例为多囊,内见分隔;2例为单囊。病灶边缘模糊,与周围组织分界欠清。最大囊直径2.3~10.5 cm,平均为5.1 cm。1例分隔可见钙化。5例囊壁可见软组织,突向囊腔(图3)。增强后囊壁、分隔及病灶软组织成分均有不同程度强化。1例胰管扩张,1例胰管轻度增宽,4例胰管未显示。另外,5例有肝转移灶。
图2黏液性囊腺瘤的CT征象图3黏液性囊腺癌的CT征象
Compagno等[4]于1978年将胰腺囊腺瘤分为浆液性囊腺瘤和黏液性囊腺瘤。前者起源于胰腺腺泡的中心细胞,故肿块常由多个小囊构成,囊内壁为富含糖原的扁平或立方上皮细胞,囊内液体多清亮,大体切面肿块呈分叶状。后者起源于胰腺外周的导管上皮,肿块一般较大,可单囊或多囊,囊壁常有较完整的包膜,内衬具有分泌黏液功能的高柱状上皮,局部可见乳头状突起,囊腔内含有黏液。囊腺癌囊壁上皮常不规整,囊内可见肿物。浆液性囊腺瘤好发于胰头颈部,黏液性囊腺瘤(癌)好发于胰体尾部[5]。本组CT结果与之大致相符。
CT征象方面,浆液性囊腺瘤表现为边界清楚的圆形或类圆形囊实性肿块,边缘可呈分叶状,内呈多囊型,可见分隔,以单囊直径≤2 cm的小囊最为多见[1]。黏液性囊腺瘤(癌)亦表现为边界较清的圆形或类圆形囊实性肿块,边缘可分叶,肿块内分隔不如浆液性囊腺瘤多见,囊壁较厚。本组资料显示,浆液性囊腺瘤均为多囊型,81%的囊最大直径≤2 cm,67%为单囊,平均最大囊直径为4.5 cm;而33%的黏液性囊腺癌为单囊,平均最大直径为5.1 cm。黏液性囊腺瘤(癌)单囊直径明显大于浆液性囊腺瘤,与Curry等[6]的报道结果一致。
囊壁、分隔的钙化可为本病的诊断及鉴别诊断提供参考。浆液性囊腺瘤较黏液性囊腺瘤(癌)更易发生变性、钙化;其中浆液性囊腺瘤病灶中心的放射状钙化较具特征性[7]。本组19%的浆液性囊腺瘤、8%的黏液性囊腺瘤、17%的黏液性囊腺癌有钙化,钙化形态均为斑点状或斑片状而非典型的放射状,可能与病灶钙化程度速度不一致有关。与Curry等[6]的报道结果不完全一致。
病灶中软组织成分及其强化状况对于疾病的诊断具一定参考价值。Procacci等[8]认为,病灶软组织成分的增多,病变恶性的可能性也随之增大。本组33%的浆液性囊腺瘤的囊壁及分隔可见软组织,其中1例软组织成分多于囊性成分,增强后软组织明显强化,该例被误诊为胰岛细胞瘤。本组50%黏液性囊腺瘤囊壁可见软组织成分,83%黏液性囊腺癌囊壁可见软组织,增强后软组织成分均有不同程度强化,与文献报道大致相符。
浆液性囊腺瘤、黏液性囊腺瘤(癌)的囊腔与胰管均未见相通。部分病例胰管扩张或增宽可能与肿块压迫造成远端胰管胰液引流不畅所致。
黏液性囊腺瘤需要与胰腺囊肿、胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(SPTP)相鉴别。黏液性囊腺瘤好发于中年女性,单囊或多囊,囊壁、分隔均可见软组织成分,增强后不同程度强化;潴留性囊肿位于阻塞胰管远端,张力高,无分隔;假性囊肿常伴有重症急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎表现,或有外伤病史,多位于胰腺外,可有分隔;SPTP好发于年轻女性,病灶软组织成分较多,可表现为实性肿块或囊实性肿块,肿块包膜完整,边缘清晰,囊性成分内可见出血改变。
囊腺癌主要与胰腺癌、恶性导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)鉴别。IPMN好发于男性,病灶通常与主胰管相通,表现为胰管的扩张,囊内可见乳头状突起。囊腺癌表现为边缘不清的囊性肿块,可见分隔,囊壁及分隔可见软组织密度结节影,胰管扩张不明显,对邻近组织的侵犯不明显,有时可见远处转移灶;胰腺癌表现为低密度实性病灶,增强后强化不明显,肿块内囊变坏死较少见,常侵犯邻近组织,肿块较大时鉴别有一定困难。
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2011-03-08)
(本文编辑:吕芳萍)
RadiologicalfeaturesofCTofpancreaticcystadenomasandcystadenocarcinomas:areportof39cases
DULi-juan,ZHANQian,SHAOCheng-wei,LUMing-zhi,ZUOChang-jing,LÜTao-zhen,LUJian-ping
DepartmentofRadiology,GeneralHospitaloftheShanghaiPrisonAdministration,Shanghai200082,China
Correspondingauthor:SHAOCheng-wei,Email:cwshao@sina.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the CT radiological features of pancreatic cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas.MethodsThe CT scans from 39 patients with pathologically proven cystic pancreatic tumors (21 cases of serous cystadenomas, 12 cases of mucinous cystadenomas, and 6 cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinomas) were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor location, the number of cyst (polycystic or not), diameter of the largest cyst, features of the cyst wall, partition within cyst, border of tumor, and the relationship between tumors and pancreatic duct were recorded.ResultsIn 21 patients with serous cystadenomas, tumors were located at the pancreatic head and neck areas in 17 cases, at the pancreatic body and tail areas in 5 cases, and 1 case was multiple. All 21 cases were polycystic; the median diameter of the largest cyst was 1.77 cm; calcification was seen in cyst wall or partition in 4 cases and soft tissue was seen in 7 cases; mild pancreatic duct dilatation was found in 10 cases. In 12 patients with mucinous cystadenomas, tumors were located at the pancreatic head and neck areas in 6 cases, at the pancreatic body and tail areas in 6 cases; 4 cases were polycystic; the median diameter of the largest cyst was 4.88cm; calcification was seen in 1 case and soft tissue was seen in 6 cases; pancreatic duct dilatation was found in 2 cases and mild duct dilatation was found in 3 cases. In 6 patients with mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, tumors were located at the pancreatic body and tail areas in 5 cases, tumor was located at the pancreatic head and neck areas in 1 case; 4 cases were polycystic; the median diameter of the largest cyst was 5.09 cm; calcification was seen in 1 case and soft tissue was seen in 5 cases; duct dilatation was found in 1 case. In all cases, there was no pancreatic duct communication. After enhancement, the soft tissue and partition of lesion was enhanced to some extent.ConclusionsThere are CT radiological features of pancreatic cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas. However, there are still some atypical CT appearances that may challenge the diagnosis.
Pancreatic neoplasms; Cystadenomas; Cystadenocarcinomas; Tomography, X-ray computed; Magnetic resonance imaging
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2011.03.006
200082 上海,上海市监狱管理局总医院放射科(杜丽娟);第二军医大学长海医院放射科(詹茜、邵成伟、吕桃珍、陆建平),放疗科(卢明智),核医学科(左长京)
共同第一作者:詹茜
邵成伟,Email:cwshao@sina.com