黎洪群 罗君 梁芳 刘燕 翁恋恋
【摘要】 目的:探究腔内心电图联合超声引导经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)技术尖端定位的应用。方法:临床研究对象选取2020年10月—2022年10月在九江市第一人民医院PICC门诊接受PICC置管的患者90例,按照随机数字表法将其分為观察组和对照组,每组45例。对照组采取腔内心电图定位下置管,观察组在对照组基础上联合进行超声引导PICC下置管。观察两组穿刺成功率、PICC尖端位置、数字评分法(NRS)评分、患者满意度及不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组一次性置管成功率(88.89%)显著高于对照组(68.89%),且总置管成功率(97.78%)相对于对照组(86.67%)更高(P<0.05);观察组PICC尖端定位到达最佳位置率(95.45%)相对于对照组(76.92%)更高(P<0.05)。观察组NRS评分优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组总满意度(95.56%)相对于对照组(66.67%)更高(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应总发生率(4.44%)相对于对照组(20.00%)更低(P<0.05)。结论:针对接受PICC置管患者采取腔内心电图联合超声引导定位一方面有利于提高患者置管成功率,提高患者PICC尖端定位到达最佳位置率及降低患者疼痛程度;另一方面提高患者满意度,降低患者不良反应发生率。
【关键词】 腔内心电图 超声引导 外周静脉 中心静脉导管技术
Study on Application of Intracavitary Electrocardiogram Combined with Ultrasound-guided Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter for Tip Positioning/LI Hongqun, LUO Jun, LIANG Fang, LIU Yan, WENG Lianlian. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(08): 0-093
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the application of intracavitary electrocardiogram combined with ultrasound-guided peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) tip positioning. Method: The clinical research subjects selected 90 patients who received PICC catheterization at the PICC outpatient department of Jiujiang NO.1 People's Hospital from October 2020 to October 2022, were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 45 patients in each group. The control group received catheterization guided by intracavitary electroencephalography, while the observation group received catheterization guided by ultrasound PICC in combination with the control group. The success rate of puncture, PICC tip positioning, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, patient satisfaction and the occurrence of adverse reactions in two groups were observed. Result: The success rate of single catheterization in the observation group (88.89%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (68.89%), and the total catheterization success rate (97.78%) was higher than that of the control group (86.67%) (P<0.05). Rate of PICC tip localization reaching the optimal position in the observation group (95.45%) was higher than that in the control group (76.92%) (P<0.05). The NRS score of the observation group was better than that of the control group (P<0.05). The overall satisfaction rate of the observation group (95.56%) was higher than that of the control group (66.67%) (P<0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group (4.44%) was lower than that in the control group (20.00%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adopting a combination of intracavitary electroencephalography and ultrasound-guided localization for patients undergoing PICC catheterization can improve the success rate of catheterization, increase the rate of achieving optimal PICC tip localization, and reduce patient pain; on the other hand, improving patient satisfaction and reducing the incidence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] Intracavitary electrocardiogram Ultrasound-guided Peripheral vein Central venous catheter technology
First-author's address: PICC Room, Jiujiang NO.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang 332000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.08.020
经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central venous catheter,PICC)是从患者上臂贵要静脉进行穿刺,而导管直接到达上腔静脉,防止化疗药物与外周静脉发生直接接触,上腔静脉血流速度加快,从而迅速将化疗药物稀释,降低甚至避免药物引起血管刺激[1]。研究表明,PICC置管在临床上被普遍运用于肿瘤等患者化疗诊治中,有利于对患者采取长期静脉输液[2]。近年来,PICC置管技术已经广泛运用于危重症患者、肿瘤患者肠外营养及更多临床静脉化疗中[3]。研究表明,PICC可减少患者由于反复进行静脉穿刺造成身体疼痛,操作方式简洁[4]。但有临床研究表明,PICC技术关键在于定位,若定位不精准会造成一定不良反应[5],例如感染、导管异位、导管堵塞及静脉炎等。因此,针对PICC技术采取合理科学定位十分重要。腔内心电图是通过PICC导管尖端进入上腔静脉,然后按照P波变化来确定导管尖端具体位置,该方式为PICC尖端位置确定的传统方式,但该方式仍存在不足和局限性,不可用于心律不齐及脏器疾病患者,且缺乏精准性[6]。超声引导下进行PICC穿刺,通过高频超声探头让患者穿刺显示清晰,对整个置管过程进行监督并实时关注[7]。研究表明,1997年美国首次提出并将其运用于临床证实,可进行视下穿刺,降低穿刺造成患者损伤,具有较高穿刺成功率,降低患者不适[8],但其定位效果仍未到达理想效果。因此,为弥补腔内心电图和超声引导不足,本研究选取腔内心电图联合超声引导对九江市第一人民医院90例患者,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2020年10月—2022年10月在本院接受PICC置管的患者90例。纳入标准:(1)临床资料完整;(2)年龄>18岁;(3)符合使用PICC技术要求。排除标准:(1)合并患有心、肝、肾等严重脏器障碍;(2)合并患有全身感染性疾病;(3)合并患有精神疾病或认知障碍无法自主配合;(4)凝血功能障碍。按照随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,各45例。上报至九江市第一人民医院伦理委员会并通过批准。家属及患者知情同意并签订同意书。
1.2 方法
对照组在腔内心电图定位下置入导管,具体操作如下:对患者需要检测的地方进行乙醇消毒,并将监护仪电极片贴在患者右锁骨下、左锁骨下及左腋中线与左肋下缘线连接处,测量患者置管长度。通过鳄鱼夹与RA电极相连,导出腔内的心电图,观察心电监护上P波变化过程,全程保持消毒无菌环境对患者进行穿刺操作。
观察组在对照组基础上使用超声引导PICC对患者进行穿刺,具体操作如下:专科护士全程使用超声探头,对患者静脉血管深度、直径及走向等进行观测,在患者进行穿刺皮肤处进行标记消毒,佩戴无菌手套,在探头与置管部位均涂抹耦合剂,全程保持环境干净无菌。使用穿刺针,刺入患者静脉血管,当穿刺针尾端出现回血即可将导丝送入,然后将穿刺针取出。对患者采取局部麻醉,按照导丝将置管鞘置入,使用扩张器扩皮,然后将导丝与扩张器取出,送入导管,使用腔内心电定位,观察P波变化,确定导管位置后,则可退出导丝,修剪、固定导管。
1.3 观察指标与评价标准
(1)观察记录两组置管次数及置管成功率。(2)对两组PICC尖端定位情况进行观察,主要包括:颈内静脉、腋静脉、上腔静脉中下1/3段、右心房入口、右心房内位置,以及到达上腔静脉的下1/3处最佳位置的置入率。(3)使用数字评分法(NRS)对患者进行置管侧上肢出现疼痛程度进行评估,分值为0~10分,0分表示无痛;1~3分为轻度疼痛;4~6分表示中度疼痛;7~10分表重度疼痛[9]。(4)采取本院自制满意度调查问卷,主要分为非常满意、满意及不满意三个档次,让患者对整个置管过程进行评价。总满意度=(非常满意+满意)例数/总例数×100%。(5)对两组不良反应,如导管移位、导管堵塞、感染及静脉炎情况进行分析观察。
1.4 统计学处理
使用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行数据分析,计数资料以率(%)表示,使用字2检验进行比较;等级资料采用秩和检验;计量资料以(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组基线资料对比
对照组45例,男22例,女23例;平均年龄(48.19±2.15)岁;观察组45例,男24例,女21例;平均年齡(47.55±1.85)岁。两组性别、年龄比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 两组置管成功率对比
观察组一次性置管成功率(88.89%)显著高于对照组(68.89%),且总置管成功率(97.78%)相对于对照组(86.67%)更高(P<0.05),见表1。
2.3 两组PICC尖端定位情况对比
观察组PICC尖端定位上腔静脉中下1/3段到达最佳位置率(95.45%)相对于对照组(76.92%)更高(P<0.05),见表2。
2.4 两组NRS评分对比
观察组NRS评分优于对照组(Z=10.128,P=0.018),见表3。
2.5 两组满意度对比
观察组总满意度(95.56%)相对于对照组(66.67%)更高(字2=12.256,P=0.001),见表4。
2.6 两组不良反应情况发生对比
观察组不良反应总发生率(4.44%)相对于对照组(20.00%)更低(字2=5.075,P=0.024),见表5。
3 讨论
近年来PICC在临床上应用越来越广泛,对需要长期静脉给药的患者应用较为便利,有着逐渐增加的趋势[10-12]。PICC置管技术最重要的是PICC尖端的定位[13-14]。传统的定位技术是通过超声引导下进行定位,可能会受到血管分叉弯曲、静脉瓣、置管时静脉痉挛及血管行程长等因素的影响,不能在置管过程中随时调整导管尖端位置,容易引起置管过深或过浅,导管异位等现象,难以保证首次穿刺的成功率[15-16]。若导管过深,会对患者心内膜造成摩擦,可能引起心律失常、心内膜炎等并发症,严重者甚至造成患者死亡[17-18]。若导管过浅又会导致静脉压升高,导致血液回流,从而引起堵管的发生,药物浓度过高时还会引起静脉穿孔、静脉炎、局部皮肤感染等,甚至引发静脉血栓的形成,使导管失去价值,拖延患者的治疗时间[19-20]。如何提高PICC导管的尖端定位率,提高首次穿刺的成功率尤為关键。腔内心电图定位技术是近年来出现的新技术,其能有效提高PICC尖端定位过程,提高首次穿刺的成功率[21]。本文对本院PICC置管患者进行研究,结果显示,观察组一次性置管成功率(88.89%)显著高于对照组(68.89%),且总置管成功率(97.78%)相对于对照组(86.67%)更高(P<0.05);观察组患者PICC尖端定位到达最佳位置率(95.45%)相对于对照组(76.92%)更高(P<0.05)。究其原因:观察组患者采取腔内心电图联合超声引导方式,通过PICC导管尖端进入上腔静脉,检测患者导管尖端具体位置,并通过超声引导对整个过程进行监督,采取可视下穿刺,提高尖端最佳率。有研究表明,针对经外周静脉置入PICC技术关键在于定位[22],观察组患者通过提高定位准确率,从而提升整个置管成功率。
观察组患者NRS评分优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者不良反应总发生率(4.44%)相对于对照组(20.00%)更低(P<0.05)。PICC是通过导管从患者外周手臂静脉进行穿刺,而关键在于置管尖端定位需要精准,且该技术会给患者带来疼痛感。腔内心电定位能够较精准确定置管尖端位置,超声引导对整个过程进行监督,并同时进行视下穿刺,有利于提高置管成功率,减少患者进行置管次数,从而降低置管引发患者疼痛程度及不良反应发生。观察组患者总满意度(95.56%)相对于对照组(66.67%)更高(P<0.05)。由于观察组诊治采取腔内心电图联合超声引导方式,加强置管尖端定位,提高置管成功率,缓解患者疼痛程度,改善患者不适感,降低患者由于置管技术引发的不良反应,从而提高患者整体满意度。
综上所述,针对接受PICC置管患者采取腔内心电图联合超声引导定位一方面有利于提高患者置管成功率,提高患者PICC尖端定位到达最佳位置率及降低患者疼痛程度;另一方面提高患者满意程度,降低患者不良反应发生率。
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(收稿日期:2023-06-02) (本文編辑:白雅茹)