文丽莉
[摘 要]“四度六步”教学法是基于初中数学教学实践提出来的,同时用在英语教学中也未尝不可。虽然学科不同,但是课堂教学的目标都是提升学生核心素养、知识水平和学习能力,其价值不应局限于初中数学教学。文章从初中英语听说课课堂实践出发,对“四度六步”教学法的相关理论进行进一步探索和研究,以期为初中英语教学的其他课型提供借鉴。
[关键词]“四度六步”教学法;初中英语听说课;实践
[中图分类号] G633.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-6058(2023)13-0022-04
一、研究背景
(一)国内研究现状
自从教师这一职业诞生以来,古今中外的思想家、教育家、哲学家就在不断地探索科学有效的教学方法。根据《论语》的记载,早在春秋战国时期,孔子就提出了“因材施教”“不愤不启,不悱不发”等教学原则和教学方法,提倡差异性教学和启发式教学。孔子的教学思想和理念对我国的基础教育产生了深远的影响。
现在,国内外专家学者对教学方法进行了大量、深入的研究。我国不少学校的教师积极学习具有指导意义和可操作性的教学方法,并运用到日常课堂教学中。我国著名教育改革家魏书生在教学实践中,总结出了六步教学法,即定向、自学、讨论、答疑、自测和自结六个步骤。在实际操作中,六步教学法并非要求每一步在每一堂课上都实施,教师可根据具体情况进行灵活调整。定向是确定学习重点,自学、讨论、答疑属于学生对课堂中信息的处理,自测和自结则是学生对信息的测试、总结及反馈。该教学方法能够较好地关注学生这一学习主体,改变了传统教学中教师过多注重灌输知识的教学方法,解决了教学中“满堂灌”“学生课堂参与度不高”等问题。因此,六步教学法得到了众多教师的推崇,有效推动了不少学科的教学改革。
江苏省特级教师邱学华提出尝试教学法,其主要特点为“先练后讲”。尝试教学法具有很大的兼容性,可吸纳很多教育思想和教学方法,如目标教学法、情境教学法、合作教学法、愉快教学法、分层教学法、结构教学法、多媒体辅助教学法等。因而,各地不同的学校可以使用各具特色的尝试教学法,它为课堂教学模式的创新创造了很多可能性。
杜郎口中学地处经济欠发达的鲁西地区,原校长崔其升提出了“10+35”的课堂教学模式,即45分钟的课堂教学中,教师的讲解不超过10分钟,学生的活动时间35分钟。学生可以在交流互动活动中形成个性化的学习方式,教师可以在有限的时间内完成“点拨”。诚然,“10+35”课堂教学模式有一些成功的经验值得参考与学习,但也存在一些弊端。如:(1)课堂上,学生过于活跃,但一些学生自控能力不强,不遵守课堂纪律的现象仍然存在;(2)较适合小班授课模式,否则推行起来有难度;(3)要求学生具备一定的自我能力、表达能力等,对学生素质参差不齐的班级来说,实施起来略有难度。
“四度六步”教学法是广西特级教师、南宁市教育科学研究所所长戴启猛提出的教学理论。该教学方法是戴老师经过20多年对课堂孜孜不倦地探索、研究和实践后得出的成果。所谓“四度”,即教师以追求有温度、有梯度、有深度、有宽度的课堂为教学主张。所谓“六步”,即“温故、引新、探究、变式、尝试、提升”六个教学环节。其中“四度”课堂是教学主张,六步环节是实践架构,目标是为了构建更加精彩的课堂。“四度六步”教学法的研究基于最近发展区理论、奥苏贝尔的认知学习理念、建构主义学习理论以及学习金字塔理论,有着深厚的理论基础。另外,“四度六步”教学法立足于南宁市,在激发学生学习兴趣、体现学生主体地位、发展学生思维能力等方面,可以说是基于学科核心素养的有针对性的本土化表达。
(二)国外研究现状
“近代教育学之父”,捷克著名教育家夸美纽斯在其著作《大教学论》中提出了“直观性原则、量力性原则、因材施教原则、循序渐进和系统性原则”等教学原则。这些教学原则始终贯穿着一个核心指导思想,即教育必须适应自然。所谓教育必须适应自然,指的是教育必须遵循自然界的普遍规律。
现代教育学之父,德国著名教育学家赫尔巴特主张将伦理学、心理学作为教育学的理论基础。他提倡教学的教育性原则并提出了“四段教学法”,即明了、联想、系统、方法,这是课堂教学的完整过程,是一个包括教学方法、教学形式等在内的规范化的教学程序,后经德国教育家戚勒将此教学法发展为五段,即分析、综合、联想、系统、方法。
美国教育家杜威提出“五步教学法”。这五步分别为情境、问题、假设、推论、验证。即创设疑难情境、确定疑难所在、提出解决问题的种种假设、推断哪个假设能解决这个问题、验证这个假设。
苏联著名教育家凯洛夫强调对知识的系统学习,强调教师的主导作用,强調三中心,即以教师为中心、以课堂为中心、以知识为中心。凯洛夫提出“五步教学法”,即组织教学、复习旧课、讲解新课、巩固新课、布置作业。凯洛夫教育思想的引入曾使我国基础教育在短期内迅速建立起现代教育教学体系,促进我国教育的长足发展。但是这一课堂教学模式不够关注学习的主体——学生,忽略学生在学习过程中的体验和感受,并且容易陷入教条主义和形式主义,使课堂教学效果受到影响。
学习和借鉴先进的教学理论成果对一线教师的成长大有裨益,也能为创新课堂教学模式提供有益的思考和范式。然而,由于学情不同,教学存在地域性差异,教学理论若能立足于本土,更能有效指导教学实践,构建出高效课堂。
王枬教授指出,“四度六步”教学法具有超越数学教学之上的意义。这一教学法虽然是基于初中数学教学的实践提出的,但其价值并不局限于初中数学教学,而是具有对基础教育课堂教学的普适意义。这无疑为创新初中英语课堂教学模式打开了新的视角与思路。但笔者在知网上检索,尚未发现“四度六步”教学法与初中英语课堂教学相融合的研究。笔者所在课题组的成员深入研读“四度六步”教学法相关专著和文献后,发现它对初中英语课堂教学有积极的指导意义和启发价值,故拟定此课题并进行深入研究。
二、研究意義
(一)教师层面
教师通过“四度六步”教学法,从“以教师为主”变为“以教师引导学生自主学习、探究为主”的教学观念,从“以语法教授为主”变为“以学以致用为主”的课堂模式,不断优化初中英语课堂教学思路和提升自身的教学水平。在该理念的指导下,教师会在初中英语听说课中探索出有效的教学模式。这种课程内容的结构,有利于改变英语教学中对学生听说技能的重复训练和枯燥讲解的现状,从而逐渐构建高效的英语课堂。
(二)学生层面
“四度六步”教学法是以学生为主的课堂,通过回顾已知、联系新知、创设真实情境吸引学生。在探究环节中通过梳理语篇的结构来培养和发展学生的深度思维,从挖掘主题意义实现对学生的教育引领;在变式环节中提升学生的思维品质,在尝试和提升环节中培养学生学以致用、创新迁移的能力,这将拓宽学生的视野和满足学生的需求。通过层层递进搭建的语言、思维和文化融合活动,学生的思维品质将得到培养,学生的学习能力和核心素养将得到提升,这符合新课标的要求。同时,这对学生后续的发展以及成绩的提高具有积极的作用。
三、课堂实践
笔者以“四度六步”教学法为基础,对新课标下的英语课堂教学模式进行深入研究,尤其对该教学法在初中英语听说课中的实践进行研究,以期提升学生的英语核心素养,提高学生学习英语的效率和多维度的能力。下面以外研社版英语教材八年级上册Module 2 “My home town and my country”中的Unit 1 “Its taller than many other buildings.”为例,深入探究“四度六步”教学法在英语听说课中的实践与运用。以下为具体的教学设计过程(本课在智慧课堂环境下讲授,[T]为教师教学活动,[S]为学生学习活动)。
【Step 1】 Revision(复习,温故)
[T] Before the class, talk with students about the ways of learning English.
[S] Share what they have learned from Module 1.
Purpose: Go over the key points or sentences of Module 1.
【Step 2】 Warming-up (热身,引新)
[T] At the beginning of the class, play a short video of the teachers home town. A question will be raised after watching it.
[S] Answer the questions “Where is my home town?”.
Purpose: Before the class, showing a video of teachers home town can arouse students interest and lead to the topic naturally. From the video, students can learn the new words and the expressions in a topic?related situation to introduce their home town.
【Step 3】 Listening Task 1 (听力任务1,探究)
[T] Make a table about Shanghai and Hong Kong. Before listening, ask students to predict what kinds of words they will be.
[S] Listen and complete the table. Then, check the answers carefully.
Purpose: In order to help students to understand the listening material better, this table can make it more clear. Prediction makes students catch the key information correctly.
【Step 4】 Listening Task 2(听力任务2,变式)
[T] Show students 3 multiple?choice questions about Shenzhen on the screen. Before listening, ask students to circle the key words.
[S] Listen carefully and choose the correct answers.
[T] When time is up, check the answers and see the winner who gets full marks and uses the shortest time.
Purpose: Before listening, students should learn the listening skills. Finding out the key words is useful for students to focus on details. After listening, the data can reflect students performance directly and help teachers make the comments more objective and accurate.
【Step 5】 Listening Task 3 (听力任务3,变式)
[T] Make a table about more details of Shenzhen. Before listening, ask students to predict what kind of word it will be.
[S] Listen and complete the table. Then, check the answers carefully.
Purpose: In order to help students to understand the dialogue better, this table can make it more clearly. Prediction makes students catch the key information correctly.
[T] According to the table, raise some questions about the location, population and buildings of Shenzhen. Ask students to answer in complete sentences.
[S] Use complete sentences to describe the location, population and buildings of Shenzhen.
Purpose: Asking and answering questions can help students train the sentence patterns.
【Step 6】 Watch and think(尝试1,观察和思考)
[T] Play a short video of Shenzhen for students. At the same time, ask the students to think about the following questions:
1. What is Damings feeling to Shenzhen?
2. In your opinion, what will Shenzhen be like in the future?
[S] Watch and think about the questions. After watching, answer the questions.
【Step 7】 Read it aloud—Use your iPad and read the dialogue carefully(尝试2,朗读课文)
[T] Ask students to use iPad and read the dialogue sentence by sentence.
[S] Read the dialogue loudly, correctly, fluently and beautifully.
[T] When the times up, collect the data and show the results. Ask top 2 students to make an example. Then, ask the whole class to check their reading and read the dialogue again.
Purpose: Reading the dialogue after the tape on iPad is good for improving students pronunciation. Playing the recording can set a good example for other students.
【Step 8】 Memory game and mind map(嘗试3,记忆游戏和思维导图)
[T] Ask students to memorize five key sentences, and then play a memory game with them. After the game, instruct students to draw the mind map of introducing places according to location, population and buildings.
[S] Recite five important sentences, and then play the memory game. After the game, draw the mind map of introducing places according to the location, population and buildings.
Purpose: Memorizing key sentences can help students grasp the important sentence patterns and the structure of the whole dialogue.The mind map can help students finish the following speaking task well.
【Step 9】 Practice(实践)
[T] Ask students to use Baidu to search for information about their home town and compare it with Shenzhen.
[S] Use Baidu to search for information about their home town and compare it with Shenzhen.
Purpose:After learning about Shenzhen, its time for students to introduce their home town with the help of Baidu. Students can broaden their horizon through searching for information by themselves.
【Step 10】 Speaking (提升,对话练习)
[T] Ask students to talk about their home town and compare it with Shenzhen with their partners.
[S] Talk about their home town and compare it with Shenzhen with their partners and then show their conversation to the whole class.
Purpose:When students talk about their home town and compare it with Shenzhen, they will review the sentence structures again.
【Step 11】 Summary (总结)
[T] Make a summary of this class. Pose some pictures of home town and guide the students to express “We should love our home town”.
【Step 12】 Self-assessment(自我评价)
[T] Ask students to have a self?assessment about what they have learned on their iPad.
1. I can read aloud the dialogue.
2. I can understand the listening.
3. I can talk about my home town.
4. I can compare two cities.
5. I can work with others actively.
[S] Finish the self-assessment on their iPad.
Purpose: By the self-assessment, teacher can get the feedback quickly and know how many students have learned in todays lesson, which can help teacher adjust the teaching plan for the next lesson.
【Step 13】 Homework(家庭作业)
1. Make a poster to compare your home town with Shenzhen. Please send me your homework on E-mail.
The poster should include:
*Location
*Population
*Buildings
*Food
2. Do a movie dubbing.
Purpose: Making a poster can show students ideas in an interesting way and it can make students learn to cooperate with others. Movie dubbing can improve students speaking after class.
【Step 14】 Blackboard design(板書设计)
Module 2 My home town and my country
Unit 1 “Its taller than many other buildings.”
图1 家乡介绍思维导图
四、总结
本文以一堂在智慧课堂环境下讲授的初中英语听说课为例,初步探究了“四度六步”教学法在初中英语课堂中的实际运用。实践证明,“四度六步”教学法不仅可以用在数学课中,而且可以用在英语课中。笔者在这次初探后,基本明确了初中英语听说课的“温故巩固旧知、学生生活话题引新、探究听力技能、多重变式训练听力、为口语输出尝试思读忆、口语提升训练”六步教学环节。这样更有助于打造有温度、有梯度、有深度、有宽度的魅力英语课堂。
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(责任编辑 黄 晓)