摘 要:“艺术起于至微”。好的读后续写是由好的细节描写引起的,让人跌宕起伏、令人心潮澎湃,仿若身临其境的感觉。可是目前高中生的读后续写存在不知如何进行细节描写的情况,使读后续写的情节过于简单、语言索然无味,令读者毫无兴趣。为此,笔者采用“Show, Don't tell”的文学技巧,帮助高中生丰富读后续写的细节描写。细节描写得越细,读后续写的语言就越生动形象,续写的内容也会越加丰满,人物形象也会被刻画得栩栩如生,从而达到身临其境、呼之欲出的细节效果。
关键词:展示;讲述;读后续写;细节描写
作者简介:郭合英,杭州市临平区杭州二中树兰高级中学。
一、引言
读后续写为学生提供一篇350词左右的阅读材料,要求学生根据材料内容和两段的段落开头语,写出150词左右的文章,不仅要求情节合理、语言丰富,而且需要与前文有逻辑衔接。该题型旨在让学生在充分理解原文的基础上,根据协同进行合理想象,然后运用丰富、贴切、地道的语言进行读后续写。它将学生的输入和输出巧妙地结合在一起。王初明曾说:“语言要模仿,内容要创造。”这要求学生在阅读材料时要注意原文的语言特点,然后根据协同,将原文的语言特色和句式特点巧妙地运用到自己的后续文章中,避免语言简单、枯燥。
二、学生目前存在的问题
回顾这几年的读后续写真题,无论是最先采用读后续写的浙江卷,还是新高考模式的山东卷,均是记叙文体裁。记叙文以其创造性、形象性和情趣性的特点使其非常适合于读后续写这一素材。目前学生情节描写主要存在的问题有:第一,重情节轻细节。学生只写出了情节发展,没有细节的描述,导致写出来的文章枯燥、乏味。第二,虽有细节描写,但只是平铺直叙,毫无美感可言。第三,没有建立写作语料库,对于细节描写有“书到用时方恨少”之感。
三、细节描写在读后续写中的作用
“艺术起于至微”,这是列夫·托尔斯泰对细节重要性的高度认可。他认为细节描写在很大程度上决定作品的优劣。郁达夫曾说:一粒沙里见世界,半瓣花上说人情。契诃夫曾说“Don't tell the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass. ”,可见读后续写的内容要“于细微处见精神”, 避免直来直去地单一表述,而是要通过细节描写呈现不同的画面感,让文字活灵活现,让读者置身其中,真正体会作者的写作意图。细节描写得越细,读后续写的语言就越形象生动,续写的内容也会越加丰满,人物形象也会被刻画得栩栩如生,从而达到身临其境、呼之欲出的细节效果。
为避免学生读后续写的细节描写枯燥乏味,笔者采用 “Show, Don't tell”的文学技巧,帮助学生提高细节描写能力,使读后续写的内容生动形象,给读者如闻其声、如临其境的感觉。
四、什么是“Show, Don't tell”
“Show, Don't tell”汉语译为“展示,不要讲述”。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第9版)给出了这样的解释,“tell:give information to sb. by speaking or writing; show: to make sth. clear, to prove sth.”,可见tell是直接给出结果,是静态的,对事情的描述比较宽泛、抽象; show是不解释,而是通过典型的语言、动作、心理等细节描写呈现或证明事物的结果,是动态的,对事情的描述更加窄小、具体。2018年Wikipedia指出读者对故事的体验不是通过作者的直接说明或总结,而是通多对人物的动作、语言、感觉等各种细节的具体描写来体验的。由此,教师要教会学生挑选典型的、有启发性的、代表性的细节进行描写,去塑造个性鲜明、生动形象的主人公角色,推动故事情节跌宕起伏而又扣人心弦地向前发展。
五、“Show, Don't tell”技巧在读后续写中的具体运用
笔者结合2021年1月浙江高考真题,具体阐述运用 “Show, Don't tell”技巧如何提高读后续写的细节描写,丰富续写的内容。该读后续写主题是家庭趣事,主要講了在万圣节到来时,父亲立下规矩:孩子中谁搬回家的南瓜最大谁就是赢家。可是在刻南瓜灯之前,“我”忘记称重了。为了证明“我”的南瓜是最大的,我毫不犹豫地把头套进南瓜里,结果怎么都拔不出来了……
Para.1:I was stuck for five or six minutes though it felt much longer.
Para.2:That video was posted online the Monday before Halloween.
从续写两段的给出句,可以知道第一段情节主要围绕“我”的头如何从南瓜里出来而展开的。第二段主要围绕视频被传到网上后粉丝的反应及“我”的反应及不同的情感变化。笔者从以下几个方面帮助学生提升细节的描写。
(一)增加五种感官的细节描写,让读者感受到不同的场景变换
视觉、味觉、听觉、嗅觉和触觉是人们感知世界的方式。好的作者会巧妙地将这五种感觉运用于细节描写中,增加故事的曲折性,让情节扣人心弦、耐人回味。如第一段:
Tell: I was stuck for five or six minutes though it felt much longer. I tried many ways to pull my head from the pumpkin, but it didn't work. Eventually, my head was pulled out with my family helping me. At the same time, my mom filmed the whole process.
Show: I was stuck for five or six minutes though it felt much longer. While I worked my fingers to the bone to pull the pumpkin up, but in vain.(触觉)The thin air inside the pumpkin almost suffocated me for lack of oxygen and some kind of bad smelling came from inside it, which made made my stomach feel like it was churning. (嗅觉) The more I heard their laughter, the more anxious I became, which made me be like a cat on hot bricks, stamping my foot. (听觉+触觉) Watching my unusual behaviour, my father came over to help me in a hurry. (视觉) He swooped a knife and pierced the pumpkin with care into two.(触觉)Eventually, my head got the movement freely and the air is as fresh as roses, lingering around my nose, which made me full of the the joys of spring. (嗅觉) During the time, my mom's camera witnessed the whole process.(视觉)
通过采用“Show”的技巧,从触觉、听觉、嗅觉等感官进行细节描写,呈现出一幅栩栩如生、扣人心弦、随着五官不断变换的立体画面。
(二)增加情感的细节描写,丰富人物的内心世界
读后续写有两条线:情节线和情感线。教师可以引导学生通过不同的方面丰富主人公的内心世界,对情节发展起烘托作用。比如第二段情节主人公的变化:视频被传到网上后的尴尬(embarrassed)→被无数人点赞后的欣慰/开心(relieved/happy)→意外成为网红的吃惊(surprised)→ 粉丝求签名和留影时的开心(happy)。
That video was posted online the Monday before Halloween. At the outset, I had an egg on my face due to an awkward dilemma.(视频被传到网上后的尴尬) However, my mom told me with pride that the video filmed by her was so popular that it attracted millions of followers and received a thousand and one likes. Hearing the news, I almost laughed my head off. (被无数人点赞后的开心) Never in my wildest dreams was it the video that made me become a web celebrity, which made my jaw drop.(意外成为网红的吃惊) Everywhere I went, there were millions of followers, asking for my signature and taking photos with them, which made me float on air.(粉丝求签名和留影时的开心)What an unforgettable Halloween for me!
主人公的情绪变化是推动故事情节发展的重要因素之一。通过聚焦情感的细节表达,主人公丰富的情感跃然纸上,同时也牵动读者的心随着主人公的變化而变化,增强了学生的代入感。倘若读后续写没有情感表达,那么读后续写就会显得生硬、无趣。
(三)增加环境的细节描写,寄情于景
在读后续写中环境描写的运用可以烘托气氛,衬托人物的内心世界。如“我的”头从南瓜里被拔出来之后的惬意:
Tell: The sensation was agreeable.
Show: The air which is as fresh as roses lingered my nose; the setting sun of winter lazily gave off the orange light, enveloping the room; Sitting in the sofa, I enjoyed them,which made me come back to life again.
(四)借助合适、贴切的词汇,使细节描写更精准
合适、贴切的词汇不仅可以交代人物的身份、地位,表现人物的性格特征,有时候还能推动故事情节的进一步发展。
学生原作:I began to regret that I put my whole head into the pumpkin.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第9版)这样注解“put: to move sth into a particular place or position.”,比如“The teacher put the book on the desk after class.”,这里的“put”表明“place or position”足够宽敞,可以实现出入自由,显然,这与后面的“头拔不出来”相背而行。
squeeze: to press sth firmly, especially with your finger.
force: to use physical strength to move sb./sth. into a particular position
“squeeze”或“force”强调了用力,说明南瓜口窄小,为后面的“头拔不出来”很好地做了铺垫。显然,这里用“squeeze”or “force”比用“put”更贴切,更符合当时的场景。
改进后:I began to regret that I squeezed/forced my whole head into the pumpkin.
可见,教师在选择词的时候,宜小不宜大,宜具体不宜笼统。教师平时要注意对学生这方面的训练。学生平时也要做好语言的积累。只有充足的积累,才能应用自如。
(五)增加修辞的运用,使细节描写呈现凸凹有致的画面感
修辞主要有比喻、夸张、拟人、通感等,它们可以恰当地表现出主人公当时的心境。如主人公想把南瓜从头上取下来,但没有取下来后着急地表达:
Tell: I had no way to get it out, and I was very anxious.
Show: (1) I tried again and again, but nothing came of it, which made me feel like a cat on
hot bricks.
“我”向弟弟求助后,弟弟帮“我”拔南瓜的表达:
Tell: My brother helped me to pull it.
Show: My brother , John, seized the pumpkin and pulled it over and over again, like a farmer
pulling a carrot form his garden, but still in vain.
把南瓜从头上取下来后“我”的感觉:
Tell: I felt comfortable.
Show: I closed my eyes, shaking my head lightly from one side to another. My even breath and the sweet sunshine let my heart bloom quietly like a flower.
增加修辞后的差别一目了然,可见想让读后续写的语言鲜活起来,就要恰当使用一些修辞手法。修辞的使用不仅可以使语言生动活泼,还能提高语言的说服力和感染力,而且画面感十足。
(六)增加无灵主语,使语言更加灵动、地道
思维决定语言。用有生命的人或物作主语是中国人喜欢的方式,用无灵名词(没有生命的名词)作主语是西方人的思维方式和表达习惯。只有语言地道,文章的可读性才强。
如主人公后悔把头套进南瓜里:
Tell: I felt regretful.
Show: Regret seized me, I burying my face in my hands.
母亲拍下了这一切:
Tell: My mother filmed the whole process.
Show: My mom's camera witnessed the whole process.
無灵主语不仅增加了主语的多样性,而且使句子瞬间充满了生命力,可谓是地道又灵动。
如果将其运用到读后续写中,那么语言方面就能出奇制胜、高人一筹。
(七)增加俚语表达,使语言更加地道、有趣
俚语是美国人或英国人常用的非正式的、夸张的语言。它的使用可以让语言变得生动有趣。比如第一段续写在描写主人公把头套进南瓜拔不出来的后悔心理:
Tell: I felt very regretful that I hadn't forced my head into the pumpkin.
Show: I rued the day if only I hadn't forced my head into the pumpkin.
rue本意就是“后悔”,rue the day后悔一整天,生动地表达了“非常后悔”。
第二段写到主人公得知视频被传到网上的尴尬:
Tell: I felt very embarrassed at the news.
Show: I had an egg on my face at the news.
试想一下一个人的脸上有个鸡蛋那该有多“尴尬”呀。
六、结语
“Show, Don't tell”这一文学技巧不仅可以引导学生完善故事情节,还能给读者留下想象的空间,让读者对呆板的文字有灵动的感受,仿若“如见其人、如临其境”。简单地说,“show”可以帮助学生在读后续写中通过多样化的细节描写,形成自己的语言特色,有效提升语言表达,使续写内容由浅入深、续写语言扣人心弦,从而写出耐人寻味的佳作!
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