结肠镜肠道准备质量受检者影响因素的Meta分析

2023-06-04 17:12:58张娜徐苗苗张亚峰王大毅冀静张旭红
护理研究 2023年6期
关键词:Meta分析循证护理影响因素

张娜 徐苗苗 张亚峰 王大毅 冀静 张旭红

Abstract  Objective:To systematically evaluate the individual factors of colonoscopy bowel preparation quality.Methods:Studies on influencing factors of colonoscopy bowel preparation quality were searched from PubMed,EMbase,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library,ScienceDirect,CBM,CNKI,VIP and WanFang Database.The retrieval time was from inception to 31 October,2022.Two researchers independently screened the literature according to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and carried out quality evaluation and data extraction.RevMan 5.4 software was used for Meta?analysis.Results:A total of 22 studies were included.Meta-analysis results showed that:males had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than females[OR=1.33,95%CI(1.16,1.53),P<0.000 1],people with chronic constipation had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people without chronic constipation[OR=3.20,95%CI(1.80,5.67),P<0.000 1],people with diabetes had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people without diabetes[OR=4.72,95%CI(2.18,10.22),P<0.000 1],people taking opioids had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people not taking opioids[OR=1.60,95%CI(1.12,2.27),P=0.009],people intaking high?fiber meals had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people not taking high?fiber meals[OR=2.94,95%CI(1.65,5.22),P=0.000 3],people failed to finish taking the laxative had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people completely taking the laxative[OR=4.59,95%CI(3.45,6.10),P<0.000 1],people underwent colonoscopy with an interval time longer than five hours after finishing laxative had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people underwent colonoscopy within five hours[OR=2.82,95%CI(1.79,4.45),P<0.000 1],people without clean?water?like last stool had lower colonoscopy bowel preparation quality than people with clean?water?like last stool[OR=4.78,95%CI(2.35,9.71),P<0.000 1].Conclusions:Current evidence showed that male,with chronic constipation,with diabetes,opioids use,a high?fiber diet before examination,inadequate intake of colon cleaning agent,the interval between the last does and the examination longer than five hours,the characteristics of last stool before colonoscopy was liquid with residue are individual risk factors for colonoscopy bowel preparation quality.

Keywords    colonoscopy; bowel preparation quality; influencing factors; Meta?analysis; evidence?based nursing

摘要  目的:系统评价结肠镜影响肠道准备质量的受检者因素。方法:计算机检索MedLine、EMbase、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、ScienceDirect、中國生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、维普数据库及万方数据库中关于受检者因素对结肠镜肠道准备质量影响的研究,检索时限均为建库至2022年10月31日。由2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准独立筛选文献,并进行资料提取和质量评价。采用RevMan 5.4软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入22项研究。Meta分析结果显示:男性受检者肠道准备质量低于女性[OR=1.33,95%CI(1.16,1.53),P<0.000 1],有慢性便秘的受检者肠道准备质量低于无慢性便秘的受检者[OR=3.20,95%CI(1.80,5.67),P<0.000 1],合并糖尿病的受检者肠道准备质量低于无糖尿病的受检者[OR=4.72,95%CI(2.18,10.22),P<0.000 1],使用阿片类药物的受检者肠道准备质量低于不使用阿片类药物的受检者[OR=1.60,95%CI(1.12,2.27),P=0.009],检查前高纤维饮食受检者肠道准备质量低于无高纤维饮食受检者[OR=2.94,95%CI (1.65,5.22),P=0.000 3],检查前未完整服药受检者肠道准备质量低于完整服药受检者[OR=4.59,95%CI(3.45,6.10),P<0.000 1],末次服药至检查时间间隔>5 h受检者肠道准备质量低于时间间隔在5 h之内的受检者[OR=2.82,95%CI (1.79,4.45),P<0.000 1],末次排便非清水样便的受检者肠道准备质量低于末次排便为清水样便的受检者[OR=4.78,95%CI(2.35,9.71),P<0.000 1]。结论:现有证据表明,男性、合并慢性便秘、合并糖尿病、使用阿片类药物、检查前高纤维饮食、未完整服药、末次服药至检查时间时隔>5 h、末次排便性状非清水样是影响结肠镜肠道准备质量的受检者因素。

关键词  结肠镜检查;肠道准备质量;影响因素;Meta分析;循证护理

doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2023.06.005

随着居民生活方式和饮食结构的改变,我国结直肠癌发病率呈上升趋势[1?3],其发病率和患病率分别居消化系统疾病的第2位和第1位[4]。目前,结肠镜检查被认为是筛查及诊治结直肠疾病的金标准[5],镜下早期发现并切除癌前病变可明显降低结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率[6?7]。然而,其诊断的准确性和治疗的安全性取决于肠道准备质量,充分的肠道清洁是顺利进镜、全面观察肠道黏膜、准确取活检组织以及切除结肠息肉的前提条件。国内外内镜诊治指南均推荐肠道准备充分率应≥90%[8?9],但目前研究结果显示,肠道准备不充分的发生率高达18%~35%[10?13]。肠道准备不充分会增加操作难度,延长检查时间,增加病变漏诊率,提高并发症发生率,缩短病人复查间隔时间,增加病人痛苦和医疗费用[14?16]。目前,国内外学者对肠道准备质量的影响因素不断深入研究,部分影响因素已经得到证实,但仍有部分影响因素尚在讨论之中,特别是由于受检者自身影响的相关因素,且不同研究中相同影响因素的效应量不尽相同。因此,本研究旨在通过Meta分析对国内外相关研究进行系统评价,全面分析结肠镜检查前影响肠道准备质量的受检者相关因素。

1  资料和方法

1.1 文献纳入与排除标准 纳入标准:①研究类型为队列研究、病例对照研究或横断面研究;②研究对象为行结肠镜检查者,性别不限;③研究内容为影响肠道准备质量的因素分析;④结局指标为采用肠道准备评分量表判断肠道准备质量;⑤语种为中文或英文。排除标准:①重复报道的研究;②綜述或会议论文;③无法获取全文或数据不完整;④文献质量评价较低。

1.2 检索策略 系统检索MedLine、EMbase、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、ScienceDirect、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、维普数据库(VIP)及万方数据库(WanFang Data),检索时限均为建库至2022年10月31日。同时追溯纳入研究的参考文献。采取主题词和自由词结合的方式,中文检索词为:结肠镜检查/肠道准备/肠道清洁/影响因素/危险因素/预测因素;英文检索词为:colonoscopy/bowel preparation/cleansing/risk factor/predictors/impact。

1.3 文献筛选和资料提取 由2名研究者根据纳入和排除标准,独立筛选文献、提取数据并交叉核对,如有分歧由小组成员协商后决定。资料提取内容包括:①纳入研究的基本信息,如第一作者、发表时间及国家等;②研究设计类型及质量评价的关键要素;③研究对象的基本情况;④各研究的肠道准备方案;⑤各研究肠道准备质量评估工具;⑥肠道准备质量的影响因素;⑦结局指标(肠道准备质量)。

1.4 文献质量评价 采用纽卡斯尔?渥太华质量评价量表(Newcastle?Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale,NOS)[17]对病例对照研究和队列研究进行质量评价。该量表包括研究人群选择、组间可比性、暴露或结果评价3个类别,共8个条目,总分9分,0~4分为低质量,5分或6分为中等质量,7~9分为高质量[18]。采用美国卫生保健质量和研究机构(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,AHRQ)[19]推荐的文献质量评价标准对横断面研究质量予以评价,该标准共包含11个条目,总分为11分,0~3分为低质量研究,4~7分为中等质量研究,8~11分为高质量研究。由2名研究者独立对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价,如遇分歧则由小组成员协商后决定。

1.5 统计学方法 采用RevMan 5.4软件对数据进行分析,定性资料采用比值比(odd ratio,OR)及95%置信区间(CI)表示。各研究间异质性采用Q检验结合I2判断,若P≥0.1且I2≤50%,选择固定效应模型合并效应量;若P<0.1且I2>50%,选择随机效应模型合并效应量。敏感性分析通过比较固定效应模型和随机效应模型合并效应量的差异,以判断结果的可靠性与稳定性。采用漏斗图检测发表偏倚。

2  结果

2.1 文献检索流程及结果 初步检索获得相关文献4 831篇,追溯参考文献获得文献2篇,共4 833篇。经逐层筛选后,最终纳入22篇文献[20?41],文献筛选流程及结果见图1。

2.2 纳入研究的基本特征及方法学质量评价结果 纳入的22篇研究包括病例对照研究2篇,队列研究3篇,横断面研究17篇,涉及27 968例研究对象,其中9 535例(34.09%)病人肠道准备不充分。纳入研究的基本特征及方法学质量评价结果见表1。

2.3 Meta分析结果 本研究对22篇文献中可进行定量合并的相关因素进行Meta分析,共纳入11项影响因素。Meta分析结果显示:男性、合并慢性便秘、合并糖尿病、使用阿片类药物、检查前高纤维饮食、未完整服药、末次服药至检查时间间隔>5 h、末次排便性状非清水样是肠道准备质量受检者相关的影响因素,详见表2。

2.4 敏感性分析 对合并效应量有统计学意义的8个影响因素分别采用固定效应模型和随机效应模型进行比较分析,结果显示,各危险因素的2种模型合并效应量结果一致,表明其结果稳定。详见表3。

2.5 发表偏倚 采用漏斗图进行发表偏倚检验,对性别因素绘制漏斗图,结果显示漏斗图两侧不对称,考虑纳入文献存在发表偏倚的可能性较大。详见图2。

3  讨论

本研究共纳入22项研究,涉及27 968例病人。纳入研究的肠道准备质量评分方式均使用经过信效度检验的肠道准备评分量表,以排除不同研究及不同医生主观评价带来的测量偏倚。根据NOS和AHRQ对纳入研究方法学质量进行评价,结果显示总体质量较好,研究结果较可信。同时,本研究纳入影响因素较全面,可为制定针对性干预措施提供更科学、更全面的循证依据。本研究结果显示,男性、合并慢性便秘、合并糖尿病、使用阿片类药物、检查前高纤维饮食、未完整服药、末次服药至检查时间间隔>5 h、末次排便性状非清水样是影响肠道准备质量的受检者相关因素。①男性:男性肠道准备质量不佳的原因可能与未遵从肠道准备方案有关。研究表明,女性的服药依从性普遍高于男性[42]。与女性相比,男性较少关注健康状况,对肠道准备的积极性和配合度较低。近年来,有研究发现,性别对肠道准备质量无明显影响,认为随着社会生活水平的提升,男性越来越多地关注自身健康状况,依从性正在逐渐提高[43]。因此,性别是否影响肠道准备质量有待进一步探究。②合并慢性便秘:慢性便秘的发生与多种因素有关,如合并糖尿病或脑卒中、服用阿片类药物、运动及饮食习惯等。慢性便秘病人自主神经系统功能及肠肌肉活动减弱,肠道蠕动减慢及排空时间延长,从而导致肠腔内大量粪便残留[44],影响肠道准备质量。③合并糖尿病:由于胃的运动和排空受血糖浓度的调节,血糖升高会抑制胃排空速度,引起胃肠道感觉和运动功能障碍。病人糖尿病后期会出现周围神经和自主神经病变,胃肠道平滑肌受损,运动功能严重障碍,容易引起便秘[45],导致肠道准备不充分。④使用阿片类药物:阿片类药物通过作用于阿片受体对肠道神经系统产生多种调节作用[46],导致非推进行性蠕动以及胃肠道括约肌的张力增加,进而引起肠道运输延迟和液体吸收增加,病人易发生便秘[47],从而影响肠道准备质量。⑤检查前高纤维饮食:在肠道准备中限制饮食非常重要。Wu等[23]对789例结肠镜检查病人的饮食记录进行分析,结果表明,病人饮食纤维含量分数与肠道清洁呈负相关(r=-0.475,P<0.001)。高纤维饮食会延缓病人排便时间,导致肠腔残留大量粪便,增加肠道清洁的难度。相关指南推荐,结肠镜检查前应采用低纤维饮食,饮食限制一般不超过24 h[8]。⑥未完整服药:Cheng等[32]研究表明,清肠剂摄入不足(<80%)是肠道准备不良的独立预测因素[OR=5.4,95%CI(2.7,10.9)]。Hassan等[48]研究也指出,清肠剂服用<75%的病人肠道准备不合格的风险增加了2.1倍[OR=3.1,95%CI(2.4,4.1)]。⑦末次服药至检查时间间隔:末次服药至检查时间间隔延长,小肠内的肠液或粪水不断流入结肠,导致右半结肠肠道准备较差。Seo等[25]指出,最后1次分剂量PEG电解质散与结肠镜检查开始的最佳间隔时间为3~5 h[OR=1.85,95%CI(1.18,2.86)]。《中国消化内镜诊疗相关肠道准备指南》[8]推荐,最后1次服用清肠剂的时间至结肠镜检查开始的时间间隔尽可能不超过4 h,一般不超过7 h。本研究发现,末次服药至检查时间间隔>5 h是肠道准备不充分的危险因素。⑧末次排便性状非清水样:末次排便性状可以反映肠道排空情况,在临床上可用来辅助医务人员预测肠道准备质量。Fatima等[49]指出,当病人描述末次大便为棕色液体或含固体大便时,58%的病人肠道准备质量是不合格的,建议对末次大便性状为棕色液体及固体大便的病人给予额外泻药或进行灌肠等补救措施。

本研究的局限性:①纳入研究对部分影响因素的定义和结果报道不同,年龄、体质指数在部分研究中被报道为连续变量,而部分研究中报道为分类变量,导致无法进行数据分析;②研究对象存在人种、民族、区域等的差异,且有些研究样本量过小,导致研究之间的异质性较大;③本研究只纳入中、英文文献,未纳入其他语种文献,可能对研究结果有一定的影响;④纳入的研究大部分为横断面研究,验证因果关系能力较弱,可能影响研究结果的可信度。

4  小结

本研究结果显示:男性、合并慢性便秘、合并糖尿病、检查前高纤维饮食、未完整服药、末次服药至检查时间间隔>5 h、末次排便性状非清水样是肠道准备不充分的危险因素。临床工作中可参考本研究结果,评估病人发生肠道准备不充分的风险,从而尽早给予干预措施,以提高肠道准备质量,进而提高结肠镜检查质量。

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(收稿日期:2023-01-07;修回日期:2023-03-15)

(本文編辑 曹妍)

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