高考“七选五”试题的有效解题策略研究

河南 王来民

《中国高考评价体系》指出：“思维认知能力”是指学习者在面对生活实践或学习探索问题情境时，进行学科认知加工的过程中表现出的稳定的个性心理特征，是学习者在秉持科学态度，运用严谨的理性思维和丰富的感性思维，发现新问题、运用新方法、解决新问题、获得新结论的过程中表现出来的思维能力，是激发个体好奇心、想象力、塑造创新人格所必须具备的基本能力。主要包括：形象思维能力、抽象思维能力、归纳概括能力、演绎推理能力、批判性思维能力、辩证思维能力等。

高考“七选五”试题要求考生从七个选项中选出五个正确选项，考查了考生的批判性思维能力，而“七选五”在段首、段中、段尾设空，则考查了考生的抽象思维能力、归纳概括能力、演绎推理能力、辩证思维能力。如何培养学生的思维品质？笔者认为应做到以下几点：

一、掌握设题特点

从“七选五”设题的特征来看，其主要考查考生“瞻前顾后”和归纳的能力。“瞻前顾后”指选择时既要照顾到选项前的语义又要使其与选项后的语义衔接自然。归纳就是根据语段的内容总结出设空处的语义。无论是“瞻前顾后”还是归纳都需要学生思维品质的培养。

二、掌握解题思路

根据“瞻前顾后”和归纳可以衍生出并列式、递进式、问答式、因果式等解题方法，从而帮助学生分析问题，提升思维品质。

1.并列式

并列式指选项与前句或后句在结构或句型上一致，表达的内容相近。首先根据选项后面或前面的句子进行语义上的判断，如果它们表达的是同一内容，就可以判定其属于并列式。有时在选项句子或其前后句子中，会出现also，and 等提示词。

（2021 年全国甲卷） 38 .They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their “new”clothes home.

【答案及解析】G。由下文“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their‘new’clothes home.”可知，来做交换的人，也要准备好环保袋，由此可推断出正确选项应该是做交换的人应做的事情。G 选项“Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition”与“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their‘new’clothes home.”在内容上是并列关系。故选G。

2.问答式

问答式指选项与前、后句是一问一答的形式，要么是对前句的回答，要么是对后句的提问。判定问答式的依据是选项前的问句，或选项后的回答句。有时会出现answer，respond 等提示词，但也存在无提示词的情况。

（2021 年 全 国 甲 卷）So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 36 .It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.

【答案及解析】B。由前句“So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor?”可知，作者提出如何处理那些你可能有点厌倦的衣服。下文“It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.”是解决问题的方法。所以正确选项应是处理旧衣物的方法。选项B“Hold a clothing swap”是一种处理旧衣服的方式。故选B。

3.因果式

因果式指选项与前后句构成因果关系。判定因果式需要分析出因果关系，通常选项是前句的结果，或是后句的原因。有时会出现because,so,for 等表示因果的提示词，但有时并无提示词，这时因果关系多隐含在选项前、后句中。

（2021 年全国乙卷）And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（赞扬）. 40 .Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”

【答案及解析】G。由上文“If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（赞扬）.”可知，如果在晚宴上遭遇了尴尬的沉默，打破沉默的唯一方法就是赞美主人。为什么一定要赞美主人呢？所以可知正确选项应该是陈述理由。而G 项“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most”正好说出了理由。故选G。

4.递进式

递进式指在前句的基础上，进一步延伸。选项多是对其前面的句子的进一步说明或意思上的拓展。在语义上进行延伸，在内容上进行拓展。常出现and,besides 等提示词，但提示词并不经常出现，这就要求学生认真揣摩前后句之间的关系。

（2021 年6 月浙江卷）Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com,a social network that has grown to 575 217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago. 33 Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.

【答案及解析】E。由上文“Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com,a social network that has grown to 575 217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago.”可知，postcrossing.com这个社交网站的影响在扩大，再由下文“Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.”可知，经营这个网站成了他的全职工作，说明网站在蓬勃发展，故正确选项应该是说明该网站蓬勃发展的相关内容。选项E“On August 5,the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.”表明该网站正蓬勃发展。故选E。

5.词语复现

词语复现就是指选项中的词或短语与前句或后句中的词或短语相同或相似。词语复现类的试题往往根据选项中的某类词，结合选项前或后的句子中出现的原词或同义词便可得出正确答案。词语复现可分为原词复现、同义词复现。

（1）原词复现

原词复现指同一个单词或短语在选项和其前、后的句子中出现。判定原词复现，只需观察并找出同一单词或短语，便能选出正确答案。

（2018 年北京卷）Each person,no matter who they are,has psychological imbalances.People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 53 Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition,but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.

【答案及解析】E。后句“Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition”中的pre-anger与选项E“Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state,...”中的pre-anger 为原词复现，E 选项承接上文，符合语境。故选E。

（2）同义词复现

同义词复现指选项中的某个单词或短语与其前、后句中的某个单词或短语在意思上相近，这就需要学生在平时的英语学习中，多积累同义词，做到举一反三。

（2018 年全国卷Ⅱ） 40 If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

【答案及解析】A。选项A“You will stick to your diet.”中的diet 与后句“If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.”中的healthy food choice 属于同义词复现，且选项A 概括本段主旨。故选A。

词语复现能帮助解决问题，但也能导致学生出错，有时出现词语复现的选项不一定是正确答案，所以做题时，应结合词语复现并根据语境去选。

（2019 年全国卷Ⅰ）We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”36 According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.

E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

【答案及解析】E。前句“We all grew up hearing people tell us to‘go out and get some fresh air.’”中含有fresh air，而选项A、E中都含有fresh air，这让学生感到吃力，有些学生根据经验会误选A。由后句“According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES,...”的YES 可知，选项是问句。故选E。

6.对比式

对比式指选项与前句或后句形成语义相对。有时前、后句与选项句意构成对比，有时选项是其前、后句的过渡句。判定对比式的依据是选项中的某些词与其前、后句中的某些词在语义上相反，或句意相反。对比式包含句意对比和词语对比。

（1）句意对比

句意对比指选项语义与其前句或后句语义相反。通过对比，突出其中一个句子的句意，更清楚地表达作者的意图。这就需要学生掌握段意，分辨出语义的对比关系。

（2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷）Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 16 Do you want to be a good public speaker?

【答案及解析】G。前句“Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.”（有些人是天生的演讲家）与选项G“However,the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.”（然而大多数人是因训练而成为了有影响力的演讲家）构成对比。故选G。

（2）词语对比

词语对比指选项中的某个词与其前句或后句中的某些词意思相对。这在文本中往往很明显，学生很容易就能找出，但对于英语基础薄弱的学生来说，还是有一定难度的。所以在平常的词语学习中，教师要有意识地让学生找出对应词，并进行积累。

（2021 年全国甲卷）Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection. 37 ,and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.

【答案及解析】A。由上文“Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.”可知，正确选项与人数有关。下文“and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.”中的“more than that”提出假设，选项A“Less people than that”提出另一种假设，“more than that”与“Less people than that”构成对比。故选A。

7.指代式

指代式指选项中的代词代替前句或后句中出现的主语或词语，也有可能是选项前、后句中的代词代替选项中的词语。指代式的代词不会无端出现，指代不明。当出现代词时，学生就要有意识地找出其所指代的内容，从而选出正确选项。

（2020 年7 月浙江卷）I experienced years of loneliness as a child. 31 His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine.With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood,I had to spend hours by myself.

【 答案及解析】G。由后句“His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine.”可知，him 代指G 选项“My older brother couldn’t be bothered to play with me.”中的“My older brother”。故选G。

8.例证式

例证式指选项中的句子是其前面的句子的例子，或选项后的句子是选项的例子。往往会出现for example，such as 等明显表示例证的词，但也要注意选项与其前、后句构成隐含的论证关系的情况。

（2021 年6 月浙江卷）Language is certainly a barrier for many people.For postcrossing to work worldwide,a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other.As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese,the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it. 34 So a common language is required and in postcrossing that’s English since it’s widely spoken.

【答案及解析】F。由上文“Language is certainly a barrier for many people.”可知，对于许多人来说，语言无疑是一个障碍。再由“As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese,the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it.”例证了外国人由于语言不通，当收到用中文书写的明信片时，就不能理解彼此。选项F“Similarly,if you speak only Chinese,receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away.”进一步举例说明了语言障碍问题。故选F。

9.句法结构式

句法结构式指选项是后句的从句或主句。这需要学生掌握一定的句法知识，选项与其前句或后句构成因果、让步、条件等逻辑关系，常出现if，because，when 等引导词。

（2017 年全国卷Ⅱ）Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

【答案及解析】B。根据后句“there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.”可知，选项缺少从句，七个选项中，从句不多，再根据语境，很容易选出答案。故选B。

10.主旨句式

主旨句式指选项在一段的开头，概述本段主旨。根据段中意思归纳出主旨句，从而选出正确的选项，这就要求学生归纳段意。由于传统教法，老师总结，学生记忆和理解，学生很少有机会进行总结，因而学生在归纳方面经验不足。这就需要学生在平时的英语学习中，多进行思考和归纳练习。

（2020 年全国卷Ⅱ） 40，and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome.And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.

【答案及解析】F。由“And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.”可知，在商务交流中使用表情符号可以提升工作文化，增加气氛，选项F“Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace”（更加友好的交流会造就一个更加愉快的工作场所）与之在意思上相符。故选F。

11.末尾句式

末尾句式指根据段中的意思，归纳出总结句。这与主旨句式在逻辑上一致，都是对段意的归纳，只不过顺序不同。但末尾句式不一定都是对段意的归纳，也有可能是对前句的延伸。

（2021 年6 月浙江卷）Paulo Magalhaes,a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer,loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome’s Colosseum.Or Africa’s Victoria Falls.Or China’s Great Wall. 31

【答案及解析】G。根据上文“Paulo Magalhaes,a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer,loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome’s Colosseum.Or Africa’s Victoria Falls.Or China’s Great Wall.（34 岁的葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes 喜欢打开他的邮箱，去寻找一个色彩鲜艳的罗马斗牛场，或者非洲的维多利亚瀑布，或者是中国长城的图像。）”可知，本段介绍了Paulo 喜欢明信片的个人爱好。再根据下文“...and you realize that not everyone is into it.”可知，他身边缺少与他志趣相投的人。选项G“In short,he loves postcards,and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away.（简而言之，他喜欢明信片，也喜欢收到远方某人手写的便条时的那种兴奋）”起到承上启下的作用，总结了上文Paulo 喜欢明信片，也引出了下文他的喜好得不到回应的问题。故选G。

12.上下段互衔式

上下段互衔式指选项在一段的末尾，但又引出下段的内容，该选项往往是下面几段的主旨句。上下段的语义往往是环环相扣的，这就需要学生理解上下段内容，找出上下段的衔接点，往往正确选项就是上下段的结合点。

（2020 年新高考Ⅱ卷）Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care.Don’t be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you. 36

【答案及解析】B。由上文“Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care.”可知和医生交流的好处及鼓励和医生交流，下文“Stay positive.”“Keep track of how you are feeling.”等给出了和医生交流的建议。B 选项“Here are some tips for talking with your doctor.”既总结了上文又是对下文每段主旨的概括。故选B。

“七选五”比较全面地考查了学生的思维品质，牵涉归纳、推理等方面的能力。教师应通过方法的引领，训练学生的思维品质，避免其盲目做题。通过思维品质的训练，学生不但提高了做“七选五”试题的准确率，而且努力成为一个在生活和学习中会思考的人。