聂书雪
摘 要:语法填空,重在考查学生理解语篇的能力、分析句子结构的能力以及熟练使用语法的能力。其中非谓语动词这一语法知识是该题型必不可少的重要考点,并且相较于其他题目,更具规律性,有章可循。通过对高考英语语法填空题型中非谓语动词这一重点知识的考查类型、考点分布、命题特点及解题思路进行归纳总结,提升学生的做题能力,帮助考生快速、准确地答题。
关键词:中学英语;高考;语法填空;非谓语动词
中图分类号:G633.41 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-010X(2022)35-0025-05
高考英语试卷中语法填空是必考题型,总分15分,占全部分值的1/10,其重要程度不言而喻。语法填空是从语法角度对一篇短文进行适当的分散挖空,从句子结构、词汇的本义和引申义以及前后缀的变化、语境语篇的线索以及标志词等方面考查学生的语篇理解能力、句子结构分析能力以及熟练运用语法的能力,强调在语篇中测试学生的英语语言知识和技能。
此题共设十个空,每空1.5分。其中自由填空类(空后无括号单词提示)一般占三个,提示性填空类(空后有括号提示词,常为实词)一般设七个空。通过对历年高考题的总结发现,在这七个空中,其中非谓语動词考点一般占两个或三个,考查一个的情况在近五年全国高考卷中只在2020年出现过。非谓语动词是高中英语语法的一大重点,包括不定式to do形式、doing(动名词和现在分词)及过去分词done。以下是针对近五年全国高考试卷语法填空题型对三种非谓语动词考查分布的总结。
通过总结发现,在高考英语语法填空题型中,考查非谓语动词中的to do不定式形式和doing形式相对较多,对过去分词done的考查在近两年才开始陆续出现。接下来,将对三种非谓语动词在语法填空中的考查形式进行逐一分析。
一、to do的常见考查情况
to do不定式在句子中可以充当多种成分,比如不定式作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。通过对近五年高考试题的分析及对比,特总结出下面表格,罗列历次高考试卷语法填空题型中to do不定式的考点分布情况。
综上,我们不难发现,在高考语法填空题型中,对不定式作状语(目的状语)的考查相对较多,以下将列举部分高考试题予以说明。
(一)考查to do不定式作状语
(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that
58 (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59 (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
结合句意:该计划将把保护范围扩大到许多以前未受保护的地区,将许多现有的大熊猫保护区置于一个机构之下,以提高效率,减少管理上的不一致。故,空59用动词不定式作目的状语。
(2021新高考Ⅱ卷)I decided to do something 58 (educate) people about this problem.
根据句意:我决定做点什么来教育人们这个问题。故此题考查不定式表目的,填to educate.
(2020全国Ⅰ卷)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 66 (find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
结合句意:研究人员希望利用嫦娥四号上的仪器来发现并研究南极——艾特肯盆地的区域。故此处考查动词不定式作目的状语,填to find。
(二)考查to do不定式作主语
(2021全国甲卷)It is possible 63 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
分析:此空考查it is+adj.+to do句式,即it作形式主语,真正主语为不定式,故填to walk.
(2020新高考Ⅱ卷)These days, it is not unusual for 10 to 12-year-old to publish their own websites or for second and third graders 56 (begin)computer classes.
分析:考查it is+adj.+for sb. to do sth. “做某事对某人来说是……的“。在此结构中,it为形式主语,真正主语为to begin…。
(三)考查to do不定式作定语
(2022全国甲卷)A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步)40 days to Xian, as a first step 61 (journey)the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.
分析:结合句意:近日,一名来自北京的盲人徒步40天来到西安,作为“一带一路”旅行的第一步。句子中的step被序数词first修饰,应使用动词不定式to journey作后置定语。
(2019全国Ⅱ卷) Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award proud Irene 64 (declare)she had no plans 65 (retire)from her 36-year-old business.
分析:空65考查have plans to do… “有做某事的计划”。英语中有些名词后常接动词不定式作后置定语,eg. ability, attempt, decision, desire, freedom, plan, wish等。
(四)考查动词或动词短语后接不定式作宾语或宾补的固定用法
(2021全国乙卷) 69 (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim 70 (have)a low impact on the natural environment.
分析:空70考查动词aim的用法:aim to do sth. “旨在做某事”。
(2018全国Ⅲ卷)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me 70 (stay) and watch.
分析:考查动词allow的用法:allow sb. to do sth. “允許某人做某事”。
(五)考查固定句式
(2020全国Ⅱ卷)They are easy 68 (care)
for and make great presents.
分析:动词不定式可以跟在一些作表语的形容词后,构成固定句式“主语+be+adj.+to do”。常用于该结构的形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, good, important, impossible等,表示主语的特征或性质,不定式和句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系,常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。句意为:竹子很容易照顾,可以作为很好的礼物。
(2019全国Ⅰ卷)Modern methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area.
分析:空64考查固定句式“主语+be+adj.+to do”,该句式常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。
二、doing的常见考查情况
英语中的doing既可以代指现在分词,在句中作状语、定语、表语和补足语;又也可以代指动名词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。因此,在历年高考语法填空中,考点呈现形式多样。其中,考查最多的是现在分词在句子中作状语和动名词作宾语的用法。具体如下表:
(一)考查现在分词doing在句中作状语
(2022全国甲卷)He flew 4,700 kilometers 69 from Xian to Kashgar on Sept. 20, 70 (plan) to hike back to Xian in five months.
分析:句意:9月20日,他从西安飞行了4700公里到达新疆喀什,计划在五个月内徒步返回西安。空70在句子中做伴随状语,与句子主语he是主动关系,所以用现在分词planning。
值得一提的是,正如上面表格所示,现在分词作状语这一考点在同年全国乙卷和新高考Ⅰ卷的语法填空中都有考查。其中在2018年全国Ⅱ卷中对现在分词doing的考查,可理解为状语从句的省略。
(2018全国Ⅱ卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while 70 (feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the banks Juergen Voegele.
分析:此处是“while China is feeding…”省略了“China is”, 依然是现在分词作状语。
(二)考查动名词doing在句中作宾语
动名词doing在句中作宾语的考查情况虽然未在2022年的全国高考卷中涉及,但在近五年的高考试卷中,考查频率甚至高于现在分词作状语。动名词作宾语有两种考查情况,一种是作某些动词的宾语,另一种则是作介词的宾语。后者在近五年考查的情况多于前者。
(2021全国甲卷)After 64 (spend)some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what 65 (good) than to ride on a piece of history!
(2021全国乙卷)Minimize the impact of 67 (visit)the place.
分析:这两个题目均是设空在介词后,故考查动名词作介词的宾语。
(2020新高考Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine 42 (they) living at a different time in history or 43 (walk)through a rainforest.
分析:空43考查动词imagine后接动词时应使用动名词形式,跟living at a different time in history并列作宾语。
(三)考查doing在句中作定语
(2021新高考Ⅰ卷)Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
分析:空63修饰名词legs作定语,表示事物的性质或特征。ache和它所修饰的词之间是主动关系,故用现在分词作定语,填aching。
(2019全国Ⅱ卷)When we got a call 68 (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was 69 joke.
分析:空68“say…”修饰名词call,并与其构成主动关系,故用现在分词作定语,填saying。
(四)考查现在分词作宾补
(2020全国Ⅲ卷)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds
69 (surround)the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
分析:此题考查感官动词see+宾语+宾补,see the soft clouds surrounding 与前面的see the mists rising并列,surround与宾语soft clouds构成主动关系,故用现在分词作宾补。
三、done的常见考查情况
过去分词跟现在分词相对应,与其逻辑主语之间为被动或完成的关系,在句子中可以作表语、定语、状语及宾补。近五年在高考语法填空题型中的分布考点相较于其他两种非谓语动词较少,且尚未出现过去分词作状语的题目。
(一)考查过去分词作表语
(2021全国乙卷)It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 61 (educate) about the areas.
分析:位于系动词become之后作表语,此
处表示“受过教育的“,故用过去分词educated,起形容词作用。
(2021新高考Ⅱ卷)I was so 62 (excite) when he wrote back to me.
分析:此处为主系表结构,需要形容词作表语,描述人的主观感受,故用excited,即过去分词转变为形容词使用。
(二)考查过去分词作定语
(2022全国甲卷)Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation 63 (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
分析:句子已有謂语动词decided,且无并列连词,故此处应填非谓语动词,hold与前面名词为被动关系,故用过去分词held作定语。
(三)考查过去分词作宾补
(2021新高考Ⅰ卷)But thats how nature is——always leaving us 60 (astonish).
分析:此题考查leave sb./sth.+adj. “使某人/某物处于某种状态”, 此处指人的感受,故用astonished,即过去分词转变而来的形容词。
以上是高考语法填空中三种非谓语动词的常见考点。总之,任何学习都不是一蹴而就的,学习语法填空和非谓语动词相结合的做题技巧也一样。作为教师,我们要深入研究语法填空的常见考点和命题方向,并且在教学中也让学生明确这些必考点,反复训练,不断总结,夯实学生基本功,同时提升学生的做题能力,传授答题技巧。