波兰馆：天堂之患

策展人：PROLOG +1

1 展馆内景/Interior view of pavilion

波兰乡村是社会主义和资本主义时期诸多问题、希望和矛盾凸显的地方。传统与进步的概念在此不易察觉，激进的改革迎来了热情，也遭到了抵御。第17届威尼斯国际建筑双年展波兰馆中的这个展览以及同名书《天堂之患》将乡村作为单独的研究对象，并将其视为国家有计划的社会、空间和政治试验的一种产物。以波兰这个乡村占国土面积93%的国家为案例研究，对于理解后社会主义时期欧洲大环境的特定性是十分必要的。这使我们能够开展关于各种全球性问题的讨论。除了波兰乡村现象的规模之外，与之相关的各种问题仍不是建筑话语的主流。这些地区的边缘化在1990年代政治、经济和社会变革期间愈演愈烈，并在简化和僵化的视角下加剧了对它们的认知，或是彻底将它们从集体意识的范畴中排除出去，使它们变成景观中被忽视的要素。这个展览则提出了一个新视角，重新定义了“何为乡村”的认知，超越了浪漫的或技术的乌托邦的狭隘框架，并将乡村解读为一种抵抗殖民化的各种因素的斗争空间，而非一种城市之外天真的田园风光。

在经历20世纪最后10年的政治转型之后，我们可以看到波兰人口从城市到乡村地区的内部流动——就像欧洲其他后社会主义国家那样。这种逆世界潮流的趋势不仅引发了关于其动机和期望的问题，而且最重要的是对我们所熟知的乡村定义提出了质疑。气候危机、后社会主义城市的退化、长期住房短缺、缺乏统一规划战略（导致空间混乱和社区割裂）等日益加剧的问题都需要一个整体的视角。就我们的理解来看，私有和公有地产的对立是危机的根源，而对一种共同体的探索是必要的替代之路。在这种对立中，乡村看上去总是与城市需求互补的一种额外要素，并被定义为与之相对的因素，即一切非城市的东西。通过这种对立来思考乡村似乎本身就是有问题的。本展览的目的就是对这种状况提出质疑，并使乡村成为一个建筑研究领域的主题。理解乡村现象的方法和手段是以一种对其地域、聚居和居住的分析为基础的——这3种空间特性是本展览创作者的兴趣所在——并能够在中欧的尺度上明确识别出各种问题。关于这3个方面的考虑结合了诸多问题，包括财产分配、土地所有权、空间规划和共同的工作生活方式，并将其视为与地点无关的普遍因素。乡村景观受到资本因素的影响，在土地上劳作的居民数量在减少，而来自城市的定居者比例在增高。这就是为何我们要在乡村寻找本届双年展的主旨“我们如何共同生活？”这一问题的答案。

2.展亭内景/Interior view of pavilion

6个乡村方案

为勾勒出乡村地区的替代未来之路，并回答“我们如何共同生活？”的问题，我们邀请了来自比利时、德国、匈牙利、波兰、俄罗斯和英国的6个设计团队，希望他们在各自的作品中突破建筑实践的界限。他们的任务是基于分析共同体视角下的地域、聚居和居住3种空间性的策展概念，提出构想性的方案。这些项目构成了以地方和全球方式定义“何为乡村”的多元表达。

每个团队都从一个这样的地区出发。跨学科的匈牙利项目组GUBAHÁMORI + Filip + László Demeter和比利时团队Traumnovelle尝试探索乡村地区的新定义。日常研究乡村问题的德国工作室Atelier Fanelsa与俄罗斯团队KOSMOS通过虚拟合作，着手探讨乡村聚居地的共同因素。关注地域性的英国乡村建筑事务所，与认为图画、横剖面、文字和建筑都是相同的建筑手段的波兰建筑季刊RZUT团队，研究了乡村人居空间诸多变化带来的影响。

从策展人的角度看，乡村是上文提到的3个方面，即我们所谓的“水平性”之间共同联系和直接相互作用的产物。这些项目的目的是通过从一个给定方面的研究到其他的各项研究来推导结论，从而呈现一个完整的局面。换言之，就是观察一种空间性的变化对其他方面有何影响。□（尚晋 译）

3 展亭内景/Interior view of pavilion

4 展馆内景/Interior view of pavilion

The Polish countryside is a place where the problems, hopes and paradoxes of the socialist and capitalist periods become clear; the notions of tradition and progress are not easy to discern here, and radical reforms have met with both enthusiasm and resistance. This exhibition in the Polish Pavilion at the 17th International Architecture Exhibition in Venice, together with the book Trouble in Paradise, treats the countryside as an independent object of research. It sees it as a product of planned social, spatial, and political experiments of the state. This case study of Poland - a country where 93% of the area is rural - is instrumental in understanding the specificity of the context of post-socialist Europe that allows us to talk about global problems. Despite the scale of the phenomenon that is the Polish countryside, the issues related to it remain outside the mainstream of architectural discourse. The marginalisation of these areas intensified during the political, economic, and social transformation of the 1990s and consolidated their perception through the prism of simplifications and stereotypes, or simply excluded them from the sphere of collective consciousness, transforming them into an invisible element of the landscape. This project presents a new perspective, redefines the understanding of what is rural, going beyond the narrow framework of a romantic or technological utopia, and reads the countryside as a space of struggle and resistance against the forces colonising it, and not as an innocent, idyllic landscape outside the city.

After the political transformation of the last decade of the 20th century, we can observe an internal migration of people from urban to rural areas in Poland, as in other post-socialist countries of Europe. This trend, opposite to the global one, not only opens up the issue of motivations and expectations, but above all it puts into question the definition of the countryside as we know it. The growing problems of climate crises, regressing post-socialist cities, permanent housing deficit, lack of a coherent planning strategy (resulting in spatial chaos and isolation of communities) require a holistic view. In our understanding, the dichotomy of private and public property is the source of the crisis and the search for a commons is a necessary alternative. Moreover, considering the countryside through a dichotomy, in which it always appears as an additional element supplementing the city's needs and was defined in opposition to it - as everything that the city is not - seems problematic in itself. The aim of the project is to question this state of affairs and to give subjectivity to the countryside as an area of architectural research. The method and tools for understanding the phenomenon of the countryside are based on an analysis of its territory, settlement, and dwelling - the three spatialities of interest of the authors of the project - and make it possible to clearly identify problems on a central European scale. These three areas are considered in relation to the issues of sharing of goods, land ownership, spatial planning and ways of working and living together as universal aspects independent of the location. The rural landscape is subject to the forces of capital, the number of inhabitants working on the land is decreasing, and the percentage of settlers from cities is increasing. That is why it is in the countryside that we are looking for the answer to the question of "how will we live together?", which is the motto of this Biennale.

Six Projects for the Countryside

To outline a vision of an alternative future for rural areas, answering the question of "how will we live together?", we have invited six design teams from Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and United Kingdom, who try to push the limits of architectural practice in their work. Their task was to present speculative scenarios, based on the curatorial concept of analysing three spatialities - territory, settlement, and dwelling - understood from the perspective of the commons. These projects form a diverse statement on local and global ways of defining what is rural.

5 6个乡村方案的模型和图像/Models and Images of the Six Proposals a-Gubahamorib-TRAUMNOVELLEc-Atelier Fanelsad-KOSMOSe-Rural Office for Architecture f-RZUT

Each team started from one of these areas. The interdisciplinary Hungarian project group GUBAHÁMORI + Filip + László Demeter and the Belgian collective Traumnovelle took up the search for a new definition of rural territory. The German Atelier Fanelsa, which deals with rural issues on a daily basis, and the Russian group KOSMOS, collaborating virtually, began with the exploration of what is communal for a rural settlement. The British Rural Office for Architecture, interested in regionalism, and the team of the Polish architectural quarterly RZUT, which considers drawing, crosssection, text and building to be equivalent tools of architecture, studied the consequences of changes in the domesticated space in the countryside.

From the curator's point of view, the countryside is the result of mutual connections and direct interactions between the three mentioned areas, which we call horizontality. The objective of these projects was to create a complete picture by extrapolating conclusions from research in one given area to the others. In other words, to see how changes in one of the spatialities affect the others. □

6.7 展览布置/Exhibition installations

项目信息/Credits and Data

委托方/Commissioner: Hanna Wróblewska/Zachęta - National Gallery of Art

策展人/Curators: PROLOG +1 (Mirabela Jurczenko, Bartosz Kowal, Wojciech Mazan, Bartlomiej Poteralski, Rafal Sliwa and Robert Witczak)

参展方/Exhibitors:

建筑事务所/Architectural Studios: Atelier Fanelsa, GUBAHÁMORI + Filip + László Demeter, KOSMOS Architects, Rural Office for Architecture, RZUT, Traumnovelle

“波兰乡村全景图”作者/Authors of the Panorama of the Polish Countryside: Jan Domicz, Michal Sierakowski, Pawel Starzec, PROLOG +1

线上术语汇编作者/Authors of the Glossary (online): Michal Sierakowski, Pawel Starzec, Wiktoria Wojciechowska, Patrycja Wojtas, PROLOG +1

设计团队/Design Team: Kuba Maria Mazurkiewicz (zespól wespól)

摄影/Photos: Jacopo Salvi