范晓圆 胡萍萍 史池红 徐月梅 许丰
[摘要] 目的 评估益生菌治疗肠易激综合征(IBS)的临床疗效和安全性。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of science、EMBASE、万方、中国知网等数据库,获得益生菌治疗IBS的随机对照试验。检索时间为2008年1月至2019年12月,筛选出符合纳入标准的文献,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果 益生菌组较对照组在总体疗效、改善腹痛腹部不适方面有明显优势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单一益生菌不良反应明显高于对照组,复合益生菌与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。 结论 益生菌能够有效治疗IBS患者,改善患者腹痛、腹部不适症状,复合益生菌较单一益生菌不良反应更少。
[关键词] 益生菌;肠易激综合征;Meta分析;随机对照研究
[中图分类号] R574.4 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)28-0040-06
Meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
FAN Xiaoyuan HU Pingping SHI Chihong XU Yuemei XU Feng
Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of science, EMBASE, Articles, China HowNet and other databases,and obtained randomized controlled trials of probiotics in the treatment of IBS.The search time was from January 2008 to December 2019.The documents that met the inclusion criteria were screened out, and the RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. Results Compared with the control group,the probiotic group had obvious advantages in overall curative effect and improvement of abdominal pain and abdominal discomfort, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The adverse reactions of single probiotics were significantly higher than those of the control group, and there was no significant difference between the compound probiotics group and the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion Probiotics can effectively treat patients with IBS and improve the symptoms of abdominal pain and abdominal discomfort.Compound probiotics have fewer adverse reactions than single probiotics.
[Key words] Probiotics; Irritable bowel syndrome; Meta-banalysis; Randomized controlled study
腸易激综合征(Irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一种常见的功能性肠道疾病,主要表现为腹胀、腹痛或腹部不适及排便习惯改变,不伴有肠道结构异常。研究显示IBS的全球患病率在11.2%左右[1],会降低患者的工作效率、严重影响生活质量。IBS的发病机制尚不完全明确,可能涉及肠道动力异常、肠道免疫异常激活、肠道感染、肠道炎症、脑-肠轴功能异常及肠道微生物群失调等[2-3]。临床分型中,IBS可分为便秘型、腹泻型、不确定型、混合型。诊断IBS的基础是排除其他严重的胃肠道疾病和满足罗马标准,2006年提出的罗马Ⅲ标准[4]应用最为广泛。迄今没有一种单一药物能完全有效治疗IBS,目前临床治疗仍以对症治疗缓解症状为主,其中益生菌对IBS的疗效颇具争议。国外有随机对照试验[5-8]发现益生菌在缓解IBS症状和腹痛方面优于安慰剂,也有研究[9-11]发现益生菌与安慰剂在缓解IBS患者症状方面没有统计学差异。在益生菌种类、剂量及有效性、安全性方面没有统一定论。基于此,本研究采用Meta分析方法对国内外近期高质量随机对照研究进行系统分析,以期为临床应用提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 纳入标准与排除标准
纳入标准:①研究类型:2008年1月后发表的所有益生菌治疗IBS疗效的随机对照研究,限中英文文献;②研究对象:符合罗马Ⅲ诊断标准的IBS患者,年龄≥18岁;③干预措施:试验组服用益生菌治疗,对照组服用安慰剂治疗;④结局指标:总体疗效、腹痛腹部不适评分、生活质量评分、不良反应。排除标准:重复研究、非随机对照研究、个案报道、综述、数据不完整的文献。
1.2 检索策略
计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of science、EMBASE、万方、中国知网等数据库中英文语言公开发表的文献。检索时间为2008年1月至2019年12月,英文检索词:irritable bowel syndrome、IBS、probiotics、randomized control trial、Rome criteria Ⅲ。中文检索词:肠易激综合征、益生菌、随机对照研究、罗马标准Ⅲ。
1.3 文献质量评估
由2位作者严格按照纳入排除标准独立筛选文献。使用Cochrane网关于随机对照研究偏倚风险评估工具评价纳入研究的质量。评估指标包括:随机方法、分配隐藏、盲法、结果数据完整性、选择性报告结果、其他偏倚等。
1.4 统计学方法
统计软件采用RevMan 5.3软件,用I2指数反映异质性的严重程度,若I2<50%,则统计学无异质性,采用固定效应模型分析。若I2≥50%,存在统计学异质性,采用随机效应模型进行分析。对计数资料采用相对比值比(Risk ratio,RR)以及95%置信区间(Confidence interval,CI)进行统计分析。计量资料采用标准化均数差(Standard mean difference,SMD)以及95%CI進行疗效统计分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 纳入研究的基本特征
经计算机初筛共检索文献1056篇,通过阅读题目和摘要1015篇文献被排除,17篇文献在阅读全文后被排除,剩余24篇[5-28]文献最终纳入研究,均为英文文献,总病例3278例。文献筛选流程见图1。纳入研究的基本情况见表1。
2.2 文献质量评价
采用Cochrane风险评估工具对纳入的24篇文献进行质量评价,结果见封三图5。纳入文献中4篇[5,11,15,26]文献未提及随机方法,5篇[5,15,18,23,26]文献未提及分配隐藏方法,2篇[19,23]文献存在病例失联。其他方面的偏倚都是低风险。
2.3 Meta分析结果
2.3.1 总体疗效 24篇文献均报道了总体疗效,异质性分析显示I2=72%,P<0.00001,存在明显异质性,采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析。结果表明益生菌较对照组总体疗效明显[RR=1.53,95%CI(1.30,1.79),P<0.00001]。见图2。亚组分析显示,单一益生菌与复合益生菌总体疗效评价无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
2.3.2 腹痛、腹部不适评分 10篇[6,14,16-18,20-22,24-25]文献均报道了腹痛、腹部不适评分,结果异质性分析显示I2=53%,P=0.02,采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果表明益生菌较对照组更能改善腹痛、腹部不适[SMD=-0.30, 95%CI(-0.45,-0.14),P=0.0002]。见图3。亚组分析显示,单一益生菌与复合益生菌均能显著改善患者腹痛、腹部不适,两者效果无明显差异(P=0.59)。
2.3.3 生活质量评分 7篇[9,16-18,20,26,28]文献报道了生活质量评分,结果异质性分析显示I2=0%,P=0.71,采用固定效应模型进行分析。结果表明益生菌组较对照组生活质量评分更高[SMD=0.16,95%CI(0.04,0.27),P=0.009]。亚组分析显示,单一益生菌组、复合益生菌组生活质量评价较对照组均无显著性改善(P<0.05)。见图4。亚组分析受限于样本量,因而与汇总后分析结果相悖。
2.3.4 不良反应 20篇[5-10,12,14-22,24-26,28]文献报道了不良反应,8篇[6-8,10,12,15,19,21]文章报道无不良反应,12篇[5,14,16-18,20,22,24-26,28]文献有数据报道,没有严重不良反应,异质性分析显示,I2=0%,P=0.51,采用固定效应模型进行分析。结果表明益生菌组不良反应明显高于对照组[RR=1.30,95%CI(1.05,1.61),P=0.01]。见图5。亚组分析显示,单一益生菌不良反应明显高于对照组[RR=1.53,95%CI(1.19,1.97),P=0.0009]。复合益生菌与对照组无明显差异[RR=0.90,95%CI(0.60,1.34),P=0.61]。见封三图5。复合益生菌对比单一益生菌,不良反应率更低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.03),复合益生菌不良反应发生率与对照组无明显差异。
3 讨论
当前IBS的治疗主要以改善患者症状为主要目标。研究发现饮食中的可发酵低聚糖、二糖、单糖和多元醇的减少可明显改善IBS症状[3,29]。但是既往的药物和饮食治疗都无法完全消除症状,因此,急需可以改善患者症状和生活质量的替代方法[30]。益生菌制剂通过抑制病原菌的过度生长、改善肠屏障功能和受体相互作用、改善肠黏膜炎症反应和肠道通透性、恢复肠道正常微生态成为防治IBS的一种新策略[3]。
本研究分析显示,无论是单一益生菌还是复合益生菌均能有效治疗IBS患者,总体疗效显著,均能显著改善患者腹痛、腹部不适症状,两者效果无明显差异。汇总分析后益生菌能改善患者生活质量评分,然而亚组分析未显示益生菌在改善生活质量评分上的作用,有待大样本研究。而复合益生菌不良反应率更低,与安慰剂对比,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05),安全性良好。
本研究發现与最近的一些荟萃分析一致。Ford等[31]分析1946—2013年间发表的53项随机对照研究结果,结论认为益生菌对IBS有良好的疗效,并强调使用多菌株益生菌时效果更明显。Didari等[32]荟萃分析了2007—2013年发表的15项研究,益生菌总体上比安慰剂更有益于降低疼痛和症状严重程度评分。基于这些研究,2017年韩国的一份临床实践指南[33]中,对益生菌治疗IBS做出了Ⅱ级推荐。
但Ford等[34]最近的另一篇荟萃分析评估了肠易激综合征中益生菌、益生元和抗生素的作用,结论是益生菌的特定组合或特殊种类和菌株才能改善IBS症状和腹痛,其他大部分益生菌效果仍不明确。益生菌种类繁多,各个研究中使用的益生菌补充剂的类型各不相同,形式、数量、组合各异,不同个体胃肠道微生物群不尽相同,纳入IBS患者亚型各异,这些都造成了研究结果的异质性。鉴于此,国外一些指南、共识[3,35]认为益生菌治疗IBS的效果还有待进一步研究确定。然而,越来越多的最新研究[1,31]显示,总体趋势是复合益生菌更有可能改善IBS症状,获得更多的推荐。
本研究的局限性:①部分研究未描述具体的随机方法,不排除存在选择性偏倚;②本研究选择文献的语种限定为中、英文,而最终纳入的均为国外文献,缺乏国内高质量研究,同时无法获取未发表文献及正处于研究中的结果,可能引起语种偏倚和发表偏倚;③各个研究使用的益生菌菌株、用药剂量、时间等干预措施存在差异,成为结果异质性的主要来源,影响结果可靠性,存在实施偏倚的可能性;④部分研究样本量偏小,缺乏长期随访数据。
综上所述,益生菌能够有效治疗IBS患者,改善患者症状,复合益生菌较单一益生菌不良反应更少。本研究存在一定局限性,期待更多大型、多中心的随机对照研究,统一干预措施以明确治疗IBS的有效菌株及其使用方法。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-07)