冯伟强
定语从句是高中阶段最重要的语法项目之一,同时也是高考考查的热点之一。而高考又以考查非限制性定语从句为主。本文仅就定语从句高考考点结合定语从句的本身特点作一归类分析。
一、 对关系代词which引导的定语从句 的考查
真情点撥:高考经常考查关系代词which 引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词可以是主句中的名词部分,也可以是整个主句,此时which 相当于and that,它的前面常有逗号与主句分开;关系代词that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
【经典考例】 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ____, of course, made the others envy him.
A. who B. that
C. what D. which
解析:答案为D。这是一个非限制性定语从句,要用关系代词which 引导。which 在定语从句中作主语。
【经典考例】 York, ____ last year, is a nice old city.
A. that I visited B. which I visited
C. where I visited D. in which I visited
解析:答案为B。这是一个非限制性定语从句。visited 后缺少宾语,要用关系代词which。
二、 对关系代词that 的用法考查
真情点拨:当先行词指物时,许多情况下既可以使用关系代词which,也可以使用关系代词that,但是在下列情况下,只能使用关系代词that,而不用which:① 当先行词是不定代词:all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时;② 当先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very等词修饰时;③ 当先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有形容词最高级时;④ 当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词时;⑤ 当先行词既有人又有物时;⑥ 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which 时;⑦ 有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that;⑧ 当先行词在句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。
【经典考例】 All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those ____ in the forest.
A. once they grew B. they grew once
C. that once grew D. once grew
解析:答案为C。在这个定语从句中,先行词是those, that作主语,副词once 要放在行为动词前。
三、 对介词 + 关系代词的考查
真情点拨:介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句时,介词的宾语只能用which (指物)和whom (指人),即:介词 + which / whom。
【经典考例】 The English play ____ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which
C. in which D. on which
解析:答案为C。考查定语从句引导词前的介词搭配。表示“在戏剧中扮演角色”,要用act in / play a part in a play, 由此断定C项正确。
【经典考例】 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ __are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of
C. of them D. of that解析:答案为A。of which 引导定语从句,表示“其中的”,其中的80% 的鞋销往国外。
四、 对关系副词where, when 和why
的考查
真情点拨:引导定语从句的关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外,它们还有一个重要的作用,那就是在定语从句中充当成分。具体地说,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此,在选择引导词时,如果从句中不缺主语或宾语,那么一定用关系副词;在实际的运用中,when 相当于on which, where 相当于in which, why相当于for which。
【经典考例】 There was ____ time
____ I hated to go to school.
A. a; that B. a; when
C. the; that D. the; when
解析:答案为B。 a time 表示一段时间;when 引导定语从句,意思是“我讨厌上学的时候”。
【经典考例】 I work in a business ___almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which
C. where D. that
解析:答案為C。where 引导定语从句,在定语从句中作状语,表示在做生意的地方,每一个人都等待着发展的机遇。which 和that 在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
五、 对关系代词as 引导的定语从句的
考查
真情点拨:关系代词as 既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句, as 在句中作主语、宾语或表语。as 引导非限制性定语从句,常用于下列句式:① such + 名词 + as...② the same + 名词 + as...; as引导非限制性定语从句,既可以在主句前,也可以在主句后,有时还可以插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。
【经典考例】 ____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When
C. What D. As
解析:答案为D。这是一个非限制性定语从句。as 引导定语从句,意思是“正如…… ”。
【经典考例】_ ___ has been
announced, we shall have our final exams next month.
A. That B. As C. It D. What
解析:答案为B。as 引导定语从句,表示“正如…… ”。句子的意思为:正如宣布的那样,下个月我们进行期末考试。
六、 对关系代词who 和whose 的用法
的考查
真情点拨:先行词是人,并且在从句中作主语或宾语,主语选用who,宾语选用whom,whom有时也可以作介词的宾语;关系代词whose 在定语从句中作定语,其先行词可以是人或物。
【经典考例】 Alec asked the policeman
____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A. with him B. who
C. with whom D. whom
解析:答案为C。work with sb.的意思是“与…… 一起工作”,介词后要接关系代词whom。
【经典考例】 George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name B. what his real name
C. his real name D. whose real name
解析:答案为D。这是一个非限制性定语从句,real name 与George Orwell 是所属关系,要用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。
七、 对其它形式的考查
真情点拨:当引导定语从句的关系代词作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词的数的形式应与先行词保持一致,这时要注意“the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数动词”;当先行词是way,意思为“方式、方法”时,引导定语从句的关系代词有三种形式:in which, that或不填。
【经典考例】 He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
解析:答案为D。the only one of the students 中的先行词是the only one,定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。