单元点拨与高考链接

2020-10-20 05:47吴涛
中学课程辅导·高考版 2020年9期
关键词:真题主句连词

Module 9 Unit 1

一、 短语、句型或语法

1. Canada has vast areas of wilderness, from the Arctic north, where average winter temperatures are usually minus 20 degrees centigrade, to the 8,892kilometrelong border with the USA to the south, which is the longest border in the world not defended by an army or the police. (L2,P2)

【点拨】 where和which引导非限制性定语从句,where在从句中担任状语;which在从句中担任主语,不能省略。

【拓展】 定语从句考点一:从句必须用陈述句语序;考点二:关系词的使用。在限制性定语从句中,关系代词的选用通常依据下表:

注:1. 非限制性定语从句中不能用that和why引导。2. 其他引导词不能省略。3. as引导限制性定语从句时,主要用于“such...as”和 “the same...as”的结构中,用来代替such和the same所修饰的名词,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。在“the same...as”结构中,as也可以用that来代替。由as引导的非限制性定语从句用来修饰整个主句时,从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后,均须要逗号与主句隔开;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。

【真题回放】 Many lessons are now available online, from students can choose for free. (2020江苏卷21)

A. whose B. which

C. when D. whom

【答案】 B。该题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,在6个关系代词who, whose, whom, that, which, as中,放在介词后的关系代词只能在whose, whom和which里面选择,排除C选项,which指代many lessons。句意:现在很多课程都可以在网上免费选择。

2. Canada is one of the largest countries in the world, second only to Russia... (L1,P2) 加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一,仅次于俄国……。

【点拨】 second only to 仅次于……;second to none 最好的;首屈一指的。

We will provide a service second to none. 我们将提供最为优质的服务。

【拓展】 短语中介词to有比较的意思。类似的短语有:be junior to比……年轻,比……资格浅; be senior to 比……年长,比……资格老; be superior to比……优越,胜过……;be inferior to比……差,不如……

【真题回放】 I'm so to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.(2015安徽卷26)

A. special B. superior

C. grateful D. attractive

【答案】 C。

3. In the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short. (L22,P2) 加拿大國家电视塔坐落于多伦多市中心,通常简称CN塔。

Adding to the extraordinary beauty of Changling is the Ling'en Palace, ... (L18,P30)陵恩殿以其简单设计和彩绘内顶而闻名,为长陵增添了宏伟与壮丽。

On the east and west are the shores of two great oceans—the Atlantic and the Pacific.(L6,P2)在东部和西部边界,加拿大濒临两大洋,即大西洋和太平洋。

Buried there are the remains of five emperors, their wives and other royal family members.(L34,P31)葬在那里的是五位皇帝、他们的嫔妃及其他皇室成员的遗体。

【点拨】 这四句为倒装句。句首状语是表示地点的介词短语或某些表示方向的副词(here, there, up, down, now, then, in, out, away, off)时,完全倒装。但主语如为人称代词时,则不能倒装。为了句子平衡,我们经常把ed形式、ing形式、形容词等放置在句首,并且将谓语动词提到主语前面。

On the hill in front of them stood a great castle.在他们面前的山上有一座大的城堡。

Present at the meeting are teachers teaching 30 years.出席会议的是任教30年的教师。

【拓展】 部分倒装是指(1)so, nor, neither; (2)虚拟语气中if省略; (3)否定词作状语位于句首;(4)only+状语位于句首;(5)在so... that, such... that等结构中, so, such位于句首;(6)在there be结构中。

【真题回放】 The professor warned the students that on no account use mobile phones in his class. (2019天津卷12)

A. should they B. they should

C. dare they D. they dare

【解析】 A。在that引导的宾语从句中,on no account“绝不”表否定意思,采用部分倒装。在A和C之间选择。根据句意“教授警告学生们千万不要在课堂上使用手机”。故选A。

4. Montreal, a port in the province of Quebec, ..., Paris being the largest.(L24,P2)

With most of its population living near the coast, swimming and surfing are popular activities... (L21,P14)

【点拨】 Paris being the largest是一个独立主格结构,在句中做状语,作为补充说明。相当于:and Paris is the largest. With most of its population living near the coast 是一个独立主格结构在句中做原因状语。相当于Because most of its population live near the coast, ... 独立主格结构的构成:(with) + 名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/分词或不定式。

Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. 明天如果天气好,我们就进行比赛。

With so much homework to do, he hurried home. 有那么多作业要做,他很快回去了。

【真题回放】 China's image is improving steadily, with more countries its role in international affairs.(2019江苏卷32)

A. recognizing B. being recognized

C. to be recognized D. recognized

【解析】 A。...with more countries recognizing its role in international affairs为独立主格结构,在句中作状语,可改写成:and more countries recognize its role in international affairs.

5. For fans of this sport, though, it is an art form. (L38,P15) 但对于热爱这项运动的人而言,它是一种艺术。

【点拨】 though此处用作副词,前后都用逗号与主句隔开,意为“然而、但是”。

He said he would come to the party, he didn't, though. 他说他会来参加晚会的,然而没来。

【拓展】 though还可以用作连词引导让步状语从句,表示“尽管”。

Although / Though he is young, (yet) he knows a lot. 尽管他年轻,然而他懂得很多东西。

【真题回放】 scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still don't know.(2015安徽卷23)

A. Once B. Since

C. Though D. Unless

【答案】 C。

6. So, while a high percentage of Australians may be people who watch sports rather than do them, Australia is indeed a great sporting nation. (L51,P15)

【點拨】 在这个句子当中,while引导让步状语从句,表示“尽管,虽然”,相当于though。

While I understand your viewpoint, I don't agree with you. 虽然我了解你的观点,我还是不能同意你的。

【拓展】 除此之外,while还有名词、并列连词和从属连词(引导时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候”,“在……期间”。如:

He was taking a bath while I was preparing dinner. 我准备晚餐的时候他在洗澡。)的用法。

【真题回放】 the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp. (2015福建卷31)

A. While B. Unless

C. Since D. Until

【答案】 A。

二、 词汇

7. originally adv. (L35,P15) 最初地,最早地,原始地,原先地

The school was originally very small.这所学校当初很小。

【拓展】 original adj. 最初的,最早的,原始的,原先的,如: the original plan原计划

n. 原物,原作品,原文,如:read Marx's works in the original阅读马克思原著

【真题回放】 A dog's eating habit requires regular training before it is established. (2019天津卷15)

A. properly B. widely

C. originally D. temporarily

【解析】 A。本题考查副词辨析。properly adv.适当地,正确地,恰当地;widely adv.广泛地,普遍地,范围广地;temporarily adv.临时地。根据句意:“狗的饮食习惯需要定期训练才能养成”,选A。

8. ambiguous adj.(L1,P14)模糊不清的,引起歧义的

ambiguous requirement definitions模糊的需求定义

His answer was ambiguous.他的答复是含糊的。

【拓展】 ambiguously adv.

ambiguousness n. 含混;歧义性

【真题回放】 The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But explanations are hard to find. (2017江苏卷34)

A. alternative B. aggressive

C. ambiguous D. apparent

【解析】 A。本题考查形容词。alternative可供替代的;aggressive好斗的,有进取心的;ambiguous 模糊不清的,模棱两可的,不明确的;apparent显而易见的。句意:恐龙的消失未必是由天文事件引起的,但是难以找到其他解释。故选A。

9. occasion n. (P9) ①[C]时刻,时节;②[C]重要的庆祝活动;③[U]场合,时机。

I've met with him on several occasions. 我已见过他好几次。

【拓展】 on occasion有时,间或;occasional adj.偶尔的;occasionally adv.偶尔地

【真题回放】 If ever the occasion arises I want advice, you're the first person I'll come to.(2016南通模拟)

A. when B. where

C. which D. what

【解析】 A。本题考查occasion作为先行词后接定语从句的用法。句意:如果有需要别人建议的情况出现,我首先考虑到找你。occasion是先行词,表示“时刻,时候”之意,定语从句中又缺少时间状语,所以选when。

10. owe vt. (L18,P14)欠某人钱;归功于;归因于,常见的用法有:

owe sb. money欠某人钱;owe sb. for sth. 因为某事亏欠某人;owe it to sb. to do sth.做某事归功于某人;owe sb. an apology / explanation欠某人一个解释或道歉

【拓展】 owing to因为。表示原因的同义词组有:due to; as a result of; on account of; thanks to等。

【真题回放】 his broken legs, Tom was forced to abandon the coming provincial sports meeting, which made him very depressed.(2015揚州期末)

A. In case of B. In terms of

C. On top of D. On account of

【解析】 D。本题考查介词短语。句意:因为腿断了,汤姆不得不放弃即将到来的省运会,这让他非常沮丧。in case of万一;in terms of就……而言;on top of除……之外;on account of因为,由于。根据句意选D正确。

11. equip vt. (L25,P14) 装配,配备,常见用法:be equipped to do装备来做某事;equip sth. / sb. with sth.用……对某事/某人进行装备;equip sb. with sth.使某人具备某种知识、技能等;equip sb. to do sth.使某人具备某种知识、技能来做某事。

The soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons. 士兵们配备着最新式的武器。

【拓展】 be equipped with装配,安装;be equipped for准备好,对……有准备;equipment n.设备,装备(不可数名词)

【真题回放】 She the carpet with some very nice curtains in color.(2013江西卷31)

A. connected B. fitted

C. equipped D. matched

【解析】 D。句意:她把彩色的漂亮窗帘与地毯搭配起来。A. connect... with用……把……连接起来;B. 与fit经常搭配的介词是to,意为“使……适合……,适应”;C. equip... with... 用……装备、使具备;D. match... with 使……相配。

Medule 9 Unit 2

一、 短语、句型或语法

1. It is apparent that the Qing Tombs are influenced by the Ming Tombs, ...(L28,P30)清陵明显受到明陵的影响,……。

【点拨】 主语从句可以放在复合句的句首,但通常是用it作形式主语,而将主语从句放在句尾。如果主语从句用于疑问句中,则必须用it作形式主语而把主语从句后置。

【拓展】 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。考点一:从句必须用陈述句语序;考点二:连词的使用。

1) 引导主语从句的连词:从属连词:that, whether;连接代词:who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever;连接副词:when, where, why, how。

2) 引导宾语从句的连词:从属连词:that, whether, if;连接代词:who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever;连接副词:when, where, why, how。

3) 引导表语从句的连词:从属连词:that, whether, as if, because(当主语为it, this, that);连接代词:who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever;連接副词:when, where, why, how。

4) 引导同位语从句的连词:从属连词:that, whether;连接代词:who, whom, which, what;连接副词:when, where, why, how。

【真题回放】 It is not a problem we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time. (2020江苏卷25)

A. whether B. why

C. when D. where

【解析】 A。考点:主语从句,it担任形式主语,连词whether;连接副词why、when、where都可以引导主语从句,关键看句意:“我们是否能赢得这场战斗不是问题,只是时间问题”。所以选A。

2. No one has had a greater influence on Western civilization than the ancient Greeks. (L1,P18)没有任何人对西方文明的影响比希腊人更大。

【点拨】 形容词、副词的比较级与否定词连用表示最高级的意思。

—What do you think of the plan?

—I can't agree more. It's perfect.

——你觉得这个计划怎么样?

——我非常同意。这个计划很完美。

【拓展】 此句=The ancient Greeks had the greatest influence on Western civilization in the world.= The ancient Greeks had the greatest influence on Western civilization than anyone else in the world.

【真题回放】 —You have to believe in yourself. No one else will, if you don't.

— . Confidence is really important.(2012天津卷5)

A. It's not my cup of tea

B. That's not the point

C. I don't think so

D. I couldn't agree more

【答案】 D。

3. The Roman alphabet is a Greek invention, as is the marathon, a long distance race created in honour of a Greek soldier to report the victory...(L6,P18)

【点拨】 as conj. 表示“对……情况也是一样”之意,引导从句,且采用不完全倒装。

Tom is very clever, as is his son.汤姆很聪明,他儿子也是的。

【拓展】 除此之外,as可以用作连词引导定语从句,还可以引导状语从句(比较、时间、原因、让步),表示“尽管、正如、随着、原因”。

【真题回放】 The number of smokers, is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. (2015江苏卷21)

A. it B. which

C. what D. as

【答案】 D。

4. Later, they used the Parthenon as a warehouse and packed it with gunpowder. 后來,他们将帕台农神庙作为储存军火的仓库。(L47,P18)

【点拨】 短语use...as... 把……用作……,as在这里表示“作为”的意思。

He has worked as a pilot of the president.他曾任总统的飞行员。

【拓展】 常见含as(意为“作为”)的短语有:work as以……身份工作;serve as用作……;act as作为……用;look up to... as把……尊为……;regard... as / consider...as / think of...as认为……是……;treat sb. as把某人当成……

【真题回放】 Let's learn to use the problem we are facing a steppingstone to future success.(2008全国卷I)

A. to B. for

C. as D. by

【答案】 C。

5. In 1816, these sculptures were turned over to the British Museum. (L60,P18) 1816年,这些雕塑被移交给大英博物馆。

【点拨】 turn sth. over to sb. 把……移交给(他人管理)

【拓展】 turn to somebody for help向某人求助; turn up 出现,到来;调高(音量等); turn away打发走; turn down调低;拒绝; turn in上交; turn into变成; turn off关掉; turn on打开; turn out生产;结果是

【真题回放】 Tom had to the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy. (2015天津卷10)

A. turn in B. turn down

C. turn over D. turn to

【解析】 B。本题考查动词词组辨析。句意:因为太忙,汤姆不得不拒绝上周末的晚会邀请。turn in 上交;turn down拒绝;turn over翻过去;turn to向某人求助。根据句意选B。

6. ... in 1801, when an Englishman, Lord Elgin, cut them off the face of the Parthenon, and took them to London.(L5459,P18)当时英国人埃尔金勋爵把这些雕塑从帕台农神庙的建筑表层切割下来,运往伦敦。

【点拨】 非限制性定语从句起补充作用,如果省略,不影响主句意义的完整;一般要用逗号与主句隔开;非限制性定语从句修饰先行词,也可以修饰部分或整个主句;不用that以及why引导。关系词不能省略。

【真题回放】 Opposite is St. Paul's Church, you can hear some lovely music.(2015北京卷24)

A. which B. that

C. when D. where

【答案】 D。

7. In 1616, he was given permission to make a trip to South America to look for gold on behalf of King James. (P27) 他被允许代表詹姆斯国王去南美洲寻找黄金。

【点拨】 on behalf of “代表某人”如:Don't trouble to do it on my behalf.不要为了我去麻烦了。

由“介词+名词+介词”构成的短语还有:in charge of掌管,负责; in control of控制; in memory of纪念; in honor of纪念;向……表示敬意; in / with regard to关于; in favor of赞同,支持; in addition to除……以外; on top of在……上方;除……之外; in response to作为对……的回应、答复

【真题回放】 These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen. (2015浙江卷17)

A. in memory of B. in response to

C. in touch with D. in possession of

【解析】 B。句意:这些评论是对某些经常被当地新闻人问到的问题的回应。A. in memory of意为“纪念”, B. in response to意为“回应”,C. in touch with意为“联系”,D. in possession of意为“拥有”。分析句子成分知道空格处充当介词短语作状语的作用,根据常识和句意,评论应该是对问题的回应。

8. Along the Scared Way, which leads to the tombs, you can... (L11,P30) 通向陵寝的神道有时被称为石像神道,保存良好。

【點拨】 lead to 课文中意为“通向”;(结果) 导致……

All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。

【拓展】 ①导致某人做某事,用lead to sb. / one's doing sth. 或者lead sb. to do sth.

His anger with the teacher led him to shout loudly in class.

②n.引导,带头,领先,如:gain / have / take the lead in the race在赛跑中领先

【真题回放】 With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a for the better.(2013江苏卷33)

A. share B. chance

C. turn D. lead

【解析】 C。 本题考查固定短语在语境中的应用。A. take a share分担……;为……出力;B. take a chance冒险;C. take a turn转弯,转;(情况、形势等)转变;D. take a lead领先,带头。根据本句for the better的提示,可见是讲转变,变得更好。句意:有了源于其他食品文化的灵感,美国饮食文化可以变得更好。

9. Adding to the extraordinary beauty of Changling is the Ling'en Palace, ... (L18,P30)陵恩殿以其简单设计和彩绘内顶而闻名,为长陵增添了宏伟与壮丽。

【点拨】 短语add to意为“增加,增添;使……规模扩大。

That will only add to our difficulties. 那只会增加我们的困难。

Since then, the Great Wall has been added to, rebuilt and repaired, especially during the Ming Dynasty. 从那以后特别在明朝,长城得到了不断的扩建、重建及维修。

【拓展】 与add有关的常用短语还有:

add... to... 把……加到……上;add up to 加起来总数为……;add to增添; add up把加起来

【真题回放】 There have been several new events to the problem for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (2006北京卷)

A. add B. to add

C. adding D. added

【答案】 D。

10. ... as it stresses to everyone their extreme importance and value. (L43,P31) ……因为这向世人强调了它们极大的重要性和宝贵价值。

【点拨】 stress vt. 着重,强调。

He stressed the point that we should be on time. 他强调的一点是我们必须准时。

【拓展】 n. 压力,重压;紧迫,紧张。

in times of stress在艰难困苦之时;under stress of weather迫于恶劣的天气; 常用短语:lay(或place, put) stress on (或upon) 把重点放在……上

【真题回放】 One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust. (2015浙江卷15)

A. production B. stress

C. energy D. passive

【答案】 B。

二、 词汇

11. steady adj. (L103,P19) 持续的,经常的;稳定的,稳固的

Prices remain steady all the time.价格一直保持着稳定。

【真题回放】 With the widespread use of the Internet, communications across the world have developed over the years. (2020天津卷10)

A. steadily B. differently

C. independently D. formally

【答案】 A。句意:随着互联网的广泛使用,世界各地的通信多年来稳步发展。

12. decoration n. (L19,P30) 装饰,装修,装潢

The house is wonderful. But I don't like the decorations.房子不错,不过我不喜欢里面的装潢。

【拓展】 decorate vt. 装饰,装潢;decorative adj. 装饰的,装潢的;decorator n.装饰家

【真题回放】 —The town is so beautiful! I just love it.(2013江苏卷23)

—Me too. The character of the town is well .

A. qualified B. preserved

C. decorated D. simplified

【答案】 B。

13. (1) associate vt.(L16,P18)使……发生联系,使联合;association n.

We associate China with the Great Wall.我们说起中国,就会想到长城。

(2) register vt. 登記,注册;n. 花名册,登记簿 (L47,P31)

He registered the birth of his child. 他登记了孩子的出生日期。

The teacher kept a register of the names of her students. 这老师保留了一份学生名册。

【拓展】 register for为……而报名登记;register with到某人处登记;be registered as登记注册为……。

【真题回放】 According to the law, all foreigners have to with the local police within two weeks of arrival.(2013湖北卷24)

A. associate B. dispute

C. negotiate D. register

【答案】 D。

14. appoint vt.(L89,P19)任命,委任;指定(时间、地点)

Who shall we appoint as chairperson? 我们委派谁担任主席呢?

【拓展】 appointment n.委任,约会;make an appointment with sb.和某人约会;at the appointed time在约定的时间

【真题回放】 to work in an international company, he felt it both stressful and challenging. (2014南通一模)

A. Being appointed B. To be appointed

C. Having appointed D. Appointed

【解析】 D。本题考查非谓语动词。句意:被任命到一家跨国公司工作,他感到既有压力又有挑战。He和appoint之间是被动关系(be appointed to do sth.),被任命,而且既然感到有压力和挑战,当然是已被任命。

15. inspiration n.(L9,P25)灵感,启发灵感的人(或事物)

Many poets have drawn their inspiration from nature. 许多诗人从大自然中获得灵感。

【真题回放】 The Chinese women's volleyball team won the World Cup victory, which was beyond our wildest .(2015镇江期中)

A. inspirations B. expectations

C. invitations D. cooperations

【答案】 B。

(作者:吴涛,江苏省南京市第三高级中学)

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