时一星
判定谓语动词的正确形式是英语考试的重点和难点,涉及众多题型。由于此类题目灵活多变,全面考察语法、语义、语境的综合分析能力,致使许多同学在做题过程中总是顾此失彼。本文介绍的“三步口诀法”为这类难题提供了省时高效的解题思路和技巧。
1. 分清谓语动词和非谓语动词
谓语动词通常是指置于主语后面作谓语的动词,受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词是指充当除谓语以外的其它句子成分的动词,不受人称和数的限制。
2. 谓语动词形式的解题思路及技巧
第一步:看主谓定语态
由主语是谓语动词的执行者还是承受者确定是主动还是被动语态。请比较:
Peter invited me to the party last week.
Peter was invited to the party last week.
注意:连系动词、不及物动词只有主动语态,及物动词或不及物动词+介词构成的短语,后面应跟宾语却缺少宾语时应为被动语态。请改正:
The woolen sweater is felt very soft.
She heard to sing a song at the dance yesterday.
He kept silent when he spoke to.
第二步:判时态定结构
语态和时态相结合可以确定句子结构,其中体现了谓语动词的时态、语态的变化。
(1)简单句的时态判断:
主要由时间、频度状语、句意、语境来进行综合考虑。
1. 时态标志词法:
—Where were you at this time yesterday? —I was going over my lessons then.(划线部分是过去进行时的标志词)。
2. 分析句意法:
I heard that you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play it for me?
Sorry, I (play) the piano for years. 我已经好几年(过去到现在)没弹钢琴了,所以应填havent played。
3. 前后暗示法:
(1) 问句、答语暗示:
—Have you heard about the fire in the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one (hurt).
问句为现在完成时,暗示“火灾发生在过去”, 谈论当时的细节时应为一般过去时:was hurt.
(2)并列连词暗示:可以根据相邻的动词时态来确定另一个动词的时态。
I went to the supermarket and bought some vegetables.
Toms sister is cooking while he is watching cartoons.
注意:分析句意法是最准确的方法,另外两种仅作为辅助手段。如果脱离具体语境,仅死记硬背标志词而不做灵活地具体分析,很有可能走入误区。如:
Jim off for New York, I didnt see him yesterday.吉姆在昨天之前动身,属于“过去的过去”,应填had set。
(2)复合句的时态判断方法:
1. 主将从现:如果主句是一般将来时(或含有情态动词、祈使句),时间状语从句、条件状语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时表示将来时。如:
Ill tell her the good news when she comes back tomorrow.
You should keep quiet if you stay in the library.
2. 主现从任:主句的时态为现在时,从句的谓语动词可选用任何适当的时态。如:
He is thinking about what he said at meeting.
3. 主过从过:尤其含有宾语从句的复合句中,当主句为过去时,从句的谓语动词应为某种相应的过去时态。如:
Miss Green said she had found her lost wallet.
但当宾语从句表述的是客观事实,科学真理,格言或现在习惯行为时,其谓语动词的时态应用一般现在时。
My mother often told me that time and tide wait for no man.
第三步:看主语定形式
謂语动词往往有有人称、单复数的变化,最后务必根据主语确定动词的唯一正确形式。忽视这一步则导致功亏一篑。请比较:
The number of population in this country increases yearly.
A number of pupils are making things in the art room.
总之,要想提高做题准确率,除了熟悉上述三步法解题思路和技巧外,还应加强专项练习,不断总结经验,摸索规律,久而久之,就会做到熟能生巧,举一反三。
(作者单位:山东农业大学附属学校)