○韩笑雨
写作教学是小学英语教学的重要组成部分。但由于一些教师对中年级写作教学的研究不足,教学中淡化写作教学目标的完成,导致学生升入高年级后英语写作问题重重,写作水平呈现出严重的两极分化的状况。本文结合具体教学课例,对写作教学中的常见问题进行梳理,并提出相应的解决策略,为小学英语写作教学提供一些思路。
教学内容:冀教版小学英语四年级上册Les⁃son 12 John and Jack(Story time)
T:John and his dog,Jack,are good friends.Look at the pictures from 1 to 4,and read the story.Then answer the questions,please.Question 1,What do they do in the morning?
S1:They play together.
S2:John brushes his teeth and washes his face.Jack watches him.
...
在这一教学片段中,看似学生通过阅读可以准确找出教师所提问题的答案,实现了阅读、理解故事这一教学目标,但此处教学设计因为教师缺乏读写结合意识,不仅置学生于被动阅读之中,而且错失读写关联活动的良好时机,教师未能有意识地在阅读教学中融入写作活动,以帮助学生初步体会作文写法,培养学生的写作意识。
T:Look!Who are they?
S1:This is John,and this is his dog,Jack.
S2:They are good friends.
T:Do they play together in every day?
Ss:Yes.They play together.
T:What do they do together?Now there are four pictures,please look carefully and put the pictures in the correct order.
学生通过读图与阅读,完成给图片排序的任务。活动设计以读代写,引导学生观察、思考、分析,学生依据时间线索给故事图片排序,初步建构起故事情节按时间发展的写作逻辑。
T:look at the picture.What do they say?
S1:Jack says,“Here you are.”
S2:John says,“Thanks,Jack!”
T:OK!Now please write down the dia⁃logue with John and Jack.And act out.
...
教师充分调动学生已有的语言知识,引导学生体会文字的意义,并尝试写出来。教师抓住小学生喜欢猜测的心理特点,积极调动学生已有的语言知识,帮助学生在“就近发展区”进行语言使用迁移,激起学生推断与表达的欲望,激活学生阅读和写作的思维意识。借助故事阅读的图片信息,学生书写的简短对话内容符合图意。
教学内容:冀教版小学英语四年级上册UNIT 2 At Home,复习课Again,Please!教材内练习Look and write
T:Let’s read the phrases together.Can you read them?
Ss:Yes.fly a kite,draw a picture,play catch...
T:Good.Look at the pictures from 1 to 6.Please choose the correct phrases and write them on the lines.
...
学生通过此项练习提供的图片进一步巩固所学的动词短语。这种书写的练习虽有别于抄写,却仍缺乏建构整体信息的语境,学生未能得到针对目标语言的迁移使用。教学中,教师要借助教材插图这一媒介,指导学生从仿写开始,从写一句话到写几句话,通过练习不断提高写作能力。
T:Look,there are some pictures.Let’s talk about them.Please ask and answer in pairs.First,it’s Picture1.
S1:What do you do in the evening?
S2:In the evening,I draw a picture.
T:What about Picture2?
…
T:Now I will put these pictures in my or⁃der.And I write about“My Sunday”.Can you read it with me?
Ss:Yes.
(Then the students read the paragraph“My Sunday”together.)
教师先带领学生完成教材内练习,然后借助该练习题的图片设计出新的训练题型,并为学生提供范文,把本单元的几个分话题加以整合,将零散的目标语言系统化,突出单元话题“At home”居家活动这一主题。阅读范文后,教师鼓励学生按个人意愿为图片自由排序,安排属于自己的Sunday时间与居家活动,从而组织学生以“My Sunday”为题看图写话。教师借助教材插图,从目标语言的识别、记忆,再到范文仿写,练习设计有梯度,为学生的语言表达提供脚手架,既激发了学生书面表达的热情,又潜移默化地培养了学生的写作能力。
教学内容:冀教版小学英语六年级上册Les⁃son 13 seasons,课堂教学的写作指导环节
T:Boys and girls,Let’s make a summa⁃ry.What do we learn today?
Ss:There are four seasons in a year.
T:Yes.What are they?
Ss:They are winter,spring,summer and autumn.
T:What season do you like best?
...
T:OK.Now write down your favourite sea⁃son on your exercise,please.
本课涉及seasons的话题较多,课堂教学从听说直接过渡到英语作文的书写,学生思路尚不清晰,很难在课堂上完成写作练笔,此项教学任务只能留作课后作业完成,因此,教师未能实现课上指导写作的教学目标。怎么避免课堂教学耗时低效,如何帮助学生建构写作框架呢?
T:Boys and girls,What do we learn today?
Ss:There are four seasons in a year.
T:Look!This is a mind map of seasons.Please read the text again,and finish the mind map by yourself.
...
T:Good job!My favourite season is sum⁃mer.Summer is...(Point to the mind map and introduce the teacher’s favourite season.)Now write about your favourite season,please.
...
思维导图如下,空格处由学生按照示范自主填写:
教师为学生提供的思维导图从seasons中心主题出发,由图形标识和关键词分支,将每个季节所涉及的天气、景物和服装话题涵盖其中,将其放射性思维过程和结果变成可视化的图表,一目了然地表现出了关键词和主题的层次关系,既有分支又有关联,清晰地表现出语言逻辑关系。教师借助思维导图,帮助学生构建表达框架和语言逻辑,为学生提供语言和思维的脚手架,学生的语言输出更加自然、顺畅。
英语写作是小学英语教学的重要内容之一,也是学生语言综合运用能力的集中体现。在教学中,教师要深入拓展文本,创设情境,引导学生有意识地加强由口语表达到书面表达的转化,增强自主表达意识,不断提高语言综合运用能力。