从语篇角度突破高考英语阅读理解题

2019-11-20 03:01河南昝亚娟特级教师
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年6期
关键词:新闻报道议论文记叙文

河南 昝亚娟(特级教师)

一、语篇阅读的重要性

根据《考试大纲》,高考对考生的英语阅读理解能力的考查包括六个方面:1.理解主旨要义;2.理解文中具体信息;3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;4.作出判断和推理;5.理解文章的基本结构;6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度。值得注意的是,在“七选五”阅读理解试题考查篇章结构和行文逻辑的基础上,2018 年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ出现了考查篇章结构的阅读理解试题。语篇是思维的载体,语言的逻辑性和思想性不只体现在词句关系中,更多的是体现在语篇中。随着新高考的深入推进,读后续写和概要写作两大新题型将在高考中普遍应用。显然,高考正逐步加大对考生语篇阅读能力的考查。因此,语篇阅读和分析的重要性不言而喻。

二、当前教学存在的问题

当前,高中英语教学存在着过分重视英语词汇和语法教学,忽略语篇教学的倾向。在课堂上,很多教师花费大量的时间让学生学习单词、句子和基础语法知识,很少对文章的语篇类型以及篇章结构特点和行文逻辑进行分析。结果导致学生掌握的都是支离破碎的语言知识,不利于培养学生的综合语言运用能力。

三、语篇分析概述

语篇分析强调以语篇为基本单位,从语篇的整体出发,对文章进行分析和理解。语篇分析可分为微观结构研究和宏观结构研究两大类。前者以研究句子之间的关系、句群的连贯以及句子间的衔接手段为主;后者以研究语篇的生成层次及组织结构为主。在进行英语阅读教学时,教师不仅要准确引导学生在微观结构分析过程中扫清语言障碍,弄清句内、句际关系,还要引导学生学习从宏观的角度分析语篇结构,以理解文章的深层意义和作者的写作意图,从而使学生准确把握语篇的层次结构、逻辑关系、主旨大意和作者的立场、观点和态度。

众所周知,不同的英语文体,其篇章结构特点不同,写作方法也有所不同。下面,笔者将结合高考真题,探讨如何从语篇分析的角度,突破阅读理解试题。

四、重视语篇阅读,突破阅读理解

(一)记叙文从分析写作要素和情节发展入手

记叙文是最常见的一种写作文体,也是高考英语试题中经常出现的一种文体。记叙文以记人或叙事为主,通过记述某人的一段经历或某事的发展变化过程,使读者从中受到启迪,感悟人生哲理。英语记叙文通常包含这几个要素:1.人物;2.环境;3.故事情节;4.矛盾冲突;5.观点;6.主题。下图为记叙文常用的篇章结构图“Story Mountain”。

“Story Mountain”包括五项内容:一是开篇,作者描述故事发生的背景。二是故事情节逐步展开,矛盾冲突开始出现。三是当矛盾冲突发展最为紧张时,故事达到高潮。四是矛盾冲突逐步缓和,问题得到解决。最后,为读者呈现故事的结局。

下面以2019 年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ阅读B 篇为例,说明如何从分析写作要素和情节发展入手阅读记叙文类语篇,从而解答相应试题:

For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.,today is speech day,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn....

But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

A son of immigrants,Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago....

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes....

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project...Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”

本文故事的开篇:在纽约州Patchogue 的Canaan 小学就读于二年级的八岁男孩Chris Palaez 是移民后代,学习英语有困难。他害怕在众人面前讲话。故事的发展:他的老师Thomas Whaley 发起二年级学生会主席竞选活动,要求学生在班里夸赞自己。故事的高潮:Chris 非常紧张,轮到他发言时,磕磕巴巴。问题的解决:Thomas Whaley老师小声地为他提示,帮助他顺利完成竞选演说。结局:Thomas Whaley 认为,学生不仅要有语言技能,更要学会夸赞自己,从而培养自信。

基于以上分析,下面来看这4 道阅读理解题:

24.What made Chris nervous?

A.Telling a story. B.Making a speech.

C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question.

【解析】细节理解题。分析故事发生的背景可知,Chris Palaez was nervous because he was afraid of public speaking,故答案为B。

25.What does the underlined word“stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.

C.Spelling mistakes. D.Silly jokes.

【解析】词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Chris trips on the“-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers....Thomas Whaley...whispering support.‘...Vote for...me...’”并分析故事情节发展(Chris 害怕演讲,因此可能会有失误)可知,画线词“stumbles”意为“(不流畅地)说,说话时磕磕巴巴”,故答案为A。

26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to_________.

A.help students see their own strengths

B.assess students’ public speaking skills

C.prepare students for their future jobs

D.inspire students’ love for politics

【解析】推理判断题。全文的最后一段揭示了文章的主题“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”,由此推测老师鼓励学生学会自夸,帮助他们看到自己的长处,故答案为A。

27.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?

A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.

C.Caring. D.Demanding.

【解析】推理判断题。文中的主人翁Whaley,不仅注重培养学生的语言技能,而且致力于开展活动培养学生的自信,由此可判断Whaley 是一个有爱心的人,故答案为C。

(二)新闻报道从分析篇章结构入手

近年来,新闻报道类文体越来越受到命题人的青睐。新闻报道类文章的写作目的是告知读者最近发生的事实。文字简洁,时效性强。通常包括标题、导语、正文、背景和结语五个部分。如下图所示,英语新闻报道类文章通常采用“the Inverted Pyramid Structure”(“倒金字塔”结构)。

“倒金字塔”结构是指新闻报道类文章一般按照新闻价值的大小,来呈现信息。最具有新闻报道价值的内容出现在第一段,其次是重要的细节,再次是重要人物的引言,最后呈现的是背景信息和不重要的细节信息。陈述全部事实的过程,犹如一个倒置的金字塔或三角形,故得名“倒金字塔”。

下面以2018 年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解B 篇为例,说明如何从分析篇章结构入手阅读新闻报道类语篇,从而解答相应试题:

Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.

In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day....

“We love Mexican churros,...“I pay £5 for a portion(一份),but Matt makes them for 26p a portion,...we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”

The eight-part series (系列节目),Save Money:Good Food,follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money:Good Health,which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.

With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week....The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.

如下图所示,本文的篇章结构呈现在“倒金字塔”中:第一段是全文的摘要,告诉读者英国的节目主持人Susanna Reid 目前主持一档节目,告诉观众如何少花钱,做美食;第二段陈述了重要的细节,Susanna Reid 在厨师Matt Tebbutt 的帮助下,每周到一个低收入家庭中,为其提供少花钱,做美食的建议;第三段引用Susanna Reid 的话,证明这档节目的确能帮助观众们既省钱,又能享受美食;第四段提供了这档节目出炉的相关背景;第五段提供了有关的次要信息。

基于以上分析,下面来看这4 道阅读理解题:

24.What do we know about Susanna Reid?

A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests.

B.She has started a new programme.

C.She dislikes working early in the morning.

D.She has had a tight budget for her family.

【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段可知,Susanna Reid 目前主持一档新的电视节目,告诉观众如何少花钱,做美食,故答案为B。

25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?

A.He buys cooking materials for her.

B.He prepares food for her kids.

C.He assists her in cooking matters.

D.He invites guest families for her.

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day.”可知,厨师Matt Tebbutt 在烹饪事务上帮助Susanna,故答案为C。

26.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?

A.Summarize the previous paragraphs.

B.Provide some advice for the readers.

C.Add some background information.

D.Introduce a new topic for discussion.

【解析】推理判断题。根据篇章结构可知,第四段的作用是提供与这档节目有关的背景知识,故答案为C。

27.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart

B.Balancing Our Daily Diet

C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef

D.Cooking Well for Less

【解析】标题概括题。本文属于新闻报道类文章,第一段是全文的摘要,揭示了全文的主旨大意,因此本文的最佳标题应从第一段中概括。选项D 的意思与第一段的主旨大意相符,故答案为D。

(三)议论文从研究论证方法入手

议论文是一种分析事物、论述事理、发表个人看法、提出主张的写作文体。作者通过列举事实、阐述道理,来论证自己的观点,或否定某种主张。议论文的写作目的是让读者接受作者提出的观点。英语的议论文通常由三部分组成:第一部分旨在引出讨论的话题,为下文的论证做好铺垫;第二部分为论证部分,也是全文的重点,可由若干段落组成,这些段落之间有一种内在的联系,作者从不同的角度对问题展开论证。第三部分是结论段,总结前文,重申自己的观点,得出结论。

英语议论文的篇章结构形似一个汉堡包,因而被称为“汉堡包结构”,具体如下图:

下面以2018 年高考英语天津卷阅读D 篇为例,说明如何从研究论证方法入手分析议论文类的语篇,从而解答相应试题。

Give yourself a test....If your awareness is as sharp as it could be,you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.

Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults....Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple,although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.

The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs....

Another block to awareness is the obsession (痴迷) many of us have with naming things....

The pressures of“time”and“destination”are further blocks to awareness....

Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait.Next time you take a walk,no matter where it is,take in all the sights,sounds and sensations.Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.

通览全文可知,第一、二段是导语段,作者在第二段的最后一句亮明观点。中间的第三、四、五段是作者提出的三个分论点,每段的第一句话是主题句;最后一段总结全文,重申自己的论点。这篇文章的汉堡包结构如下:

下面重点分析文中与篇章阅读相关的两道阅读理解题:

52.What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?

A.To avoid jumping to conclusions.

B.To stop complaining all the time.

C.To follow the teacher’s advice.

D.To admit mistakes honestly.

【解析】段落大意题。第三段陈述了作者的一个分论点,第一句为主题句,因此应在选项中寻找与第三段第一句意思相符的选项,故答案为A。

55.In the passage,the author intends to tell us we should_____.

A.fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world

B.get rid of some bad habits in our daily life

C.open our mind to new things and ideas

D.try our best to protect nature

【解析】推理判断题。本文的体裁是议论文,作者在第二段的最后一句亮明观点,中间三个段落陈述了分论点,在最后一段重申了自己的论点,因此可从四个选项中寻找与最后一段意思相符的选项,故答案为A。

总之,新高考和新课改为当前的英语教学和高考复习备考带来更大的挑战。教师只有重视语篇教学,着力培养学生的语篇阅读能力,才能使他们掌握不同英语文体的篇章结构和写作特点,不仅看到树木,更能看到森林。语篇阅读能力的提升,使学生能够快速准确地从语篇角度突破英语阅读理解,在高考中独领风骚。

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