黑豆营养成分及生物活性的研究进展

2019-09-10 05:36徐飞葛阳阳刘新春张燕燕王雪
中国食物与营养 2019年9期
关键词:营养成分黑豆临床试验

徐飞 葛阳阳 刘新春 张燕燕 王雪

摘要:从功效角度出发,对黑豆营养成分及生物活性的研究进展进行综述,并根据黑豆研究中目前存在的问题,对我国黑豆的发展方向和研究趋势进行了展望,为黑豆的进一步研究提供科学依据 。

关键词:黑豆;营养成分;动物实验;临床试验

我国的黑豆种质资源丰富,尤以山西、河北、陕西等地栽培较多,目前全国共搜集保存黑豆约2 980份,占全部大豆种质资源的13.2%[1-3]。黑豆在我国有悠久的药食同源史,具有抗氧化[4]、降血压[5]、抗肿瘤[6]、预防癌症[7]、抗肥胖作用[8-10]、降低血脂[11-12]、降低代谢紊乱[13]、减少心血管并发症[14]、抗炎症[15]等功效。本文从营养和功效角度出发,对黑豆营养成分、生物活性成分体内验证等方面进行综述,综合分析当前黑豆的研究进展和存在问题,提出黑豆未来的研究发展方向,以期为黑豆生物活性成分功效进一步研究和相关黑豆功能性产品的开发提供科学依据。

1 黑豆营养成分的研究进展

黑豆在蛋白质含量、氨基酸组成、膳食纤维、多酚、花色苷、异黄酮等方面要优于黄豆,这些因素的叠加可能是黑豆具有较高药用价值的依据[16-17]。

1.1 蛋白质

植物性蛋白中,豆类的蛋白含量同肉类相差无几[18],高于谷物蛋白[19],是优质膳食蛋白质的来源。黑豆蛋白含量(43.6g/100g)高于黄豆(39.2g/100g),且黑豆蛋白是完全蛋白质,含有人体所需的8种氨基酸,黑豆的总氨基酸含量高达36g/100g,必需氨基酸为13g/100g,占总氨基酸量的37%。黑豆中除半胱氨酸和黄豆基本相同外,其他氨基酸含量都高于其他3种豆类。参照FAO/WHO推荐的成人氨基酸均衡模式标准相比,作为豆类缺陷氨基酸甲硫氨酸(Met),虽然黑豆Met含量高于其他豆类,但仍较推荐值低一些。值得关注的是,黑豆蛋白中支链氨基酸(Ile、Leu、Val),尤其是亮氨酸(Leu)含量显著高于FAO/WHO推荐值,支链氨基酸易消化且代谢率高,能直接参与能量代谢,调节蛋白质代谢和抗运动性疲劳[20];也在肝病患者肠内营养方面有重要应用,Hayaishi等[21]对211例非肝癌肝硬化患者进行为期6个月治疗,每人每日口服12g支链氨基酸,结果发现,实验组患者肝细胞癌发生率显著降低、存活率显著增高。Lee等[22]选取37 例肝癌放疗患者进行10w随机双盲试验发现,服用支链氨基酸组患者第3~10w,血浆白蛋白水平显著提高。

1.2 脂质

黑豆中含有丰富的脂肪酸,总脂肪酸含量(17.6g/100g)略高于黄豆(16.85g/100g),其主要是由亚油酸(27.8%)、油酸(45.3%)、棕榈酸(17.0%)、硬脂酸(9.1%)组成[17],其他脂肪酸如肉豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、亚麻酸共占0.85%。脂肪酸中占比的亚油酸是不能自身合成而必须从食物中摄取,可以调节胆固醇代谢,预防动脉粥样硬化[23-24],暗示黑豆在预防动脉粥样硬化、保护心血管健康方面也可能具有一定的潜力。

1.3 碳水化合物

在寡糖方面,僅黑豆中有少量葡萄糖检出,黑豆蔗糖含量(2.6g/100g)也显著低于黄豆(4.7g/100g);关于黑豆低聚糖的研究较少,韩国Seung-Beom Hong等[25]研究表明,纬度会影响低聚糖的含量,而且纬度比遗传因素对黑豆中低聚糖的含量影响更大。在淀粉多糖方面,黑豆淀粉含量总体低于黄豆,其抗性淀粉含量高于黄豆,非抗性淀粉含量低于黄豆。抗性淀粉在小肠中不能被酶解,增加饱腹感从而减少食物摄入;在人的肠胃道结肠被微生物菌群发酵生成短链脂肪酸,具有改善肠道健康、平稳血糖、预防结肠癌等功效[26]。

关于多糖活性研究,Liu J等[27]证明,黑豆多糖具有抗氧化活性。Ming-Hsi W等[28]测定了黑豆多糖对人外周血单核细胞中粒细胞集落刺激因子产生的影响,可以用于癌症化疗后、骨髓异常增生综合征伴发的中性粒细胞减少的患者。Li C等[29]发现,黑豆多糖具有强大的抗增殖和抗转移活性,可作为人胃癌的抗肿瘤药物。黑豆总膳食纤维含量(39.4g/100g)要高于黄豆(33.3g/100g),具体则是可溶性膳食纤维黑豆略低于黄豆,非可溶性膳食纤维则黑豆显著高于黄豆。关于黑豆膳食纤维功效的研究鲜有报道,而关于黄豆膳食纤维颇多,Jimnez-Escrig A 等[30]证明,豆渣膳食纤维可以促进肠道对钙的吸收。Y Chen等[31]发现,大豆残渣中可溶性膳食纤维可以改善脂质谱和预防高血压。

1.4 多酚

黑豆中总酚含量和总黄酮含量(包括花色苷和异黄酮)几乎为黄豆的2倍。徐金瑞等[32]对127份黑豆中花色苷含量进行测定,结果显示,75.6%的黑豆中花色苷含量在0.59~1.34mg/g之间。张芳轩等[33]对60个黑豆种皮的花色苷含量进行测定,结果显示,85%的品种含量集中在3.30~14.25mg/g。黑豆花色苷类具有抗氧化[34]、减少心血管并发症[35]、抗菌作用[36]等生理功能。Philip D C等[37]证明,补充异黄酮(105 mg/d)可降低低密度脂蛋白和更年期症状。Milner J A等[38]证明,大豆异黄酮具有防癌抗肿瘤的功效,其抗乳腺癌、前列腺癌的作用尤为突出。Xinjuan Z等[39]证明,黑豆中的异黄酮可以调节激素效应,可降低妇女更年期综合症等。

2 黑豆生物活性成分体内验证研究

2.1 临床功效验证

在目前研究中,动物模型中的啮齿类动物(大鼠、小鼠)被广泛用于建立人类疾病(如糖尿病、肿瘤等)动物模型,但由于啮齿类动物与人类存在极大的种属差异,因此,仍需临床试验做出最终评估。由表2可知,目前黑豆功效成分的临床数据并不充足,仅检索到6篇英文文献,分别为糖尿病(3篇)、血脂和肥胖(2篇)和安全性(1篇)。在糖尿病方面,Thompson S V等[40]评估了黑豆对2型糖尿病患者即时血糖平稳作用。Reverri E J等[41]则对代谢综合征患者进行了9d的追踪,发现黑豆膳食可以降低餐后胰岛素水平和提高机体氧化应激能力。Kawak J H等[42]则发现,黑豆多肽可以帮助前驱糖尿病患者平稳餐后血糖和控制血糖水平。在血脂和肥胖方面,Lee M等[43]以黑豆皮提取物为研究对象,根据8w临床数据说明黑豆提取物可显著减少腹部肥胖,同时在动脉粥样硬化方面有潜在效应。Kusunoki M等[44]通过对36名2型糖尿病为期2个月的追踪,发现黑豆皮提取物可以协同非诺贝特控制血脂效果优异。安全性方面,Jeon S等[45]通过安全性、耐受性和药代动力学测试,证明了花青素-3-葡萄糖苷在人体的安全性(表1)。

2.2 動物模型功效验证

由表2可知,黑豆功效成分验证主要集中于黑豆多酚(花青素、花色苷和异黄酮,12篇),其次为黑豆多肽(4篇)、黑豆多糖(1篇)、黑豆(4篇),其他功效性成分如黑豆低聚糖和寡糖、黑豆膳食纤维则鲜有涉及。从功效上看,在减肥方面,黑豆粉、发酵黑豆制品、黑豆多肽、花色苷均被证实可以减少脂肪积累;在降血糖方面,黑豆水提物(主要包括花青素、花色苷、异黄酮等)和花色苷可以平稳血糖、保护糖尿病导致的器官损伤;在降血脂方面,则包括发酵黑豆、黑豆多肽和花色苷;在护肝方面,黑豆和黑豆多糖被证实具有保护肝损伤作用;在氧化应激方面,则主要涉及黑豆多肽和黑豆皮提取物;除此之外,黑豆花青素还被证实具有一定保护心肌损伤的功效。

3 存在问题与展望

3.1 存在问题

通过对国内外文献综述,黑豆的研究还主要存在以下三方面问题:(1)在黑豆基本成分分析上,黑豆营养成分分析不够完备,目前成分研究多集中于黑豆种皮多酚、蛋白和脂肪等大类,而对黑豆糖类中低聚糖和多糖、微量元素和低丰度活性分子等则缺乏系统性报道;(2)在营养成分对应的功效研究上,由于分离手段等限制,生物活性成分(如蛋白质亚基和多糖)三维构象鲜有涉及,构效关系也不甚明朗,缺少分子水平上的代谢通路、信号调节通路研究;(3)在体内功能验证方面,历代中医古籍对黑豆多记载黑豆补肾填髓、壮骨明目、解毒等诸多功效,然后近现代功效验证试验(动物模型和人体临床)却鲜有涉及这些研究领域,还有很多待进入的空白。

3.2 展望

针对以上存在的问题,今后的黑豆功效研究重点应集中于以下三个方面:(1)黑豆基本成分分析应进一步完备,建立完备的黑豆成分体系和黑豆指纹图谱,如黑豆蛋白在亚基上的分子组成、黑豆低聚糖和多糖丰度、生物活性小分子含量等;(2)借鉴高效的分离和手段,明确功能活性大分子的构象,从分子空间构象角度研究构效关系,同时应进一步深入细胞生物学、代谢组学,理清功效成分信号调节通路和分子代谢通路,构建信号调节理论基础,为人体应用研究打下坚实基础;(3)传承传统中医理论对黑豆功效记载,开拓动物实验和临床实验功效研究新领域,以古籍为鉴,中医传统理论和西医高效分离手段相结合,共同推进黑豆生物活性研究新方向。

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Abstract:The nutritional composition and the biological activiey was reviewed.Based on the existing problems,the research direction was proposed to provide reference for researchers.

Keywords:black soybean;nutritional composition;animal testing;clinical trail

(责任编辑 李婷婷)

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