Contents and Abstracts

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: Lv Houliang, Associate Researcher, Institute of World History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing, 100006, China.

: In the context of historians in the high classical age, such as Herodotus and Thucydides, Sicily with her mixed population, primary culture and dubious political cause, serves as a barbarous frontier at the edge of Greek world. Nevertheless, the historical work by Diodorus preserves for us a positive description of Sicily, the frontier of Greek civilization in the western end, by con firming her role as a military barrier of the Greek world, an active stage for Greek culture, and a utopia with admirable morality. The positive image of Sicily as the frontier of Greek civilization was not simply invented by Timaeus and other Hellenistic historians. Sicilian tyrants, notably Gelon and Hiero, together with early classical writers from Greece proper, such as Pindar and Aeschylus, played an active role in its formation. The dramatic decline of this notion reflects the profound transformation of the political attitude and the anti-barbarian ideology of Athenian intellectuals in the classical period.

: Sicily; the frontier of civilization; pan-Hellenism; historical memory

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: Chen Ying, Lecturer, School of History Culture and Ethnology, Centre for Hellenic Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.

: Strabo was a Greek historian and geographer who lived in the Roman East from ca. 64 B.C.E - 23/4 C.E. His work titled “” introduced his knowledge of geography, history and customs of the socalled, “the inhabited world”, of which the city of Rome took the central place, and exhibited its reader the Roman explorations of thein a comprehensive way, which answered the request for reintegration of the known world from the perspective of Rome in the early Roman Empire. On the other hand, he fully absorbed and critically inherited the tradition of Greek geographers, and tried to discuss the range and borders of the, so that his work was the culmination of Greek geographical research.In this case,indeed showed two worlds that connected but did not completely coincide with each other, since the author Strabo took both the entire interests of the Empire and scholarly geographical study into consideration, which shows his efforts to embed theknown by the Greek scholars into the “world” conquered and ruled by Rome. The textual evidences fromshow that “world”described by Strabo is not only politically symbolic, but also a reaction on the Greco-Roman cultural convergence trend in the early Empire.

: Strabo;;; Roman Empire; Greece

: Sven Günther, Professor, Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations, Northeast Normal University,Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.

Huang Qun, Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China; Ζhang Hongxia, Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.

: Motif-migration is a common phenomenon in Greco-Roman coinage throughout antiquity, however,not comprehensively studied up to now. It reflects political, economic, cultural, religious etc. adaption-,negotiation- and discourse-processes, whereby each single case has to be treated as a historical case in and for itself. Nevertheless, one has to ask the question of to what extent the framework of the migration of motifs can be applied to coin-issues in the late antique world where, on the one hand, other strong and independent political entities and empires came into being, and on the other hand, the exchange-processes in respect of economy but also in socio-political and -cultural perspectives were still a daily experience. The paper will address this question by examining two case-studies to show the complexity and development of the motif-migration in Late Antiquity.

: Migration; Motif; Connectivity; Late Antiquity; Case Studies

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: Yang Ying, Researcher, Institute of Chinese Ancient History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing,100006, China.

: The Rites(礼) in ancient China is a huge institution which consists of political policies, laws and social-status protocol decrees. During the Pre-Qin period, the Studies of Rites and the social-political protocol institution were merged thoroughly, both of them were preserved in “Three Li”(三礼 ) so in many respects, the philological researches in “Three Li” are equal to the studies of Pre-Qin history. During these 40 years after the Reform and Opening-up Policy, the tradition of textual and historical criticism during Qian Long and Jiaqing(乾嘉考据学 ) has been kept down in the Studies of “Three Li”, while the research of etiquettes and ceremonial institution(礼制) have got rid of the subordinate character as part of the study of classical Rites books(礼经学) to be an independent historical research field after the introduction of modern humanities and social sciences. With the continuous introduction of sociology and culture anthropology methods, paradigms are maturing more and more. Meanwhile ,the concept of “customs of Li”(礼俗 ) which has been used from the former part of the 20th century, possesses a more and more complex content but its exact meaning is still vague. However, with more and more archaeological material from field excavations, unearthed documents have been stimulating the studies of the “Three Li”, and providing fresh evidence for the research of ceremonial utensil and political hierarchy. All these studies have made great improvements, but there is still space for the improvement of detailed and systematic research.

: Three Li; the Studies of rites; etiquettes and ceremonial institution; Pre-Qin China

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: Li Shaohua, Ph.D.Candidate, School of History, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024,China.

: The records of Ji Ζha(季札 )’s diplomatic mission to the State of Lu and request for appreciating “the music of Ζhou” are preserved under “Twenty-ninth year in the reign of Duke Xiang” in(《左传•襄公二十九年》) . During the performance the ambassador made corresponding comments on every movements of “Feng”(风 ), “Ya”(雅 ), and “Song”(颂 ). According to his reviews, his own attitudes to the music of each state are clear about the praise and criticism. However, to the music of State Ζheng(郑风 ),on one hand he praised its exquisite quality, on the other hand he lamented that “its details are too trivial”.He thought that was a sign of this state’s subjugation. It is worth thinking about this contradiction. On the basis of the analysis of the predecessors’ explanations, this paper takes into consideration the phenomena which the musical instruments from excavations on the the Xinzheng sacri ficial sites combined with a unique way, and argues that the music of Ζheng had more dense trebles and urgent melody compared with music in other regions in the same period. This is the exact meaning of the comment, “the details are too trivial”. So there is a close relationship between Ji Ζha's theory of Ζheng’s subjugation according to the characteristics of its music and the germination of musical reveiws and developments of the ritual thoughts in the middle and late stages of the Spring and Autumn Period.

: Ji Ζha’s reviews of musics; unearthed musical instruments;; Thoughts of Music

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Wu Fangji, Associate Professor, School of Political science and Law, Jia Ying University, Meizhou,Guangdong, 514015, China.

: The management of the new land in Qin Dynasty was related to national stability, and it was particularly important for the management of the new land of ficials. Based on the analysis of the "Ribeigui"on Qin Bamboo Slips from Liye, it can be found that the new land of ficials in Qin Dynasty were managed by tenure policy. The Qin Dynasty’s new land of ficials had a term of two years, four years, etc. Due to the special status of the new land of ficials, violations of the law could be punished according to the general law and the speci fic law. The new land of ficials were dismissed from their of fices and had to be reported to the county government for approval. The authority in charge should promptly arrange for of ficials to fill in vacant positions.

: Liye Qin Bamboo Slips; the "Ribeigui"; New Land Of ficials

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: Li Jingrong, Assistant Professor, Law School, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.

: Qin and Han laws established fixed rules for determining the quantity of crimes and its related punishment. Laws determined whether criminal behaviors formed several crimes or a single crime according to the nature of criminal behaviors, which shows strong legal logic. As Qin and Han laws combined punishment for several crimes, it shows benevolence in imposing punishment, which reflects that laws in early imperial China especially in Qin were not only brutal and cruel as described in transmitted literature but more than that. The methods of determining the quantity of crimes and its related punishment of Qin and Han laws influenced laws of later dynasties.

: Qin and Han law, several crimes, single crime, the principle of punishment

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: Xiang Shan, Assistant Professor, Yuelu Academy, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.

Around 1307, with Jiangzhe Province as the center, the first nationwide famine broke out in Yuan Dynasty. The disaster area was wide, which had a strong impact on the people living in Ζhejiang and Dadu City. The grain production was reduced. As a result, the amount of grain transported to Dadu City from the south of the empire also went down. Affected by the disaster, prices went up, population dropped sharply and cities became depressed. A large number of people became refugees and social contradictions became prominent. Natural disasters and political corruption were the direct causes of the poor effect of the endeavor of relief, but the main causes were the unreasonable structures of the wealth assignment and industry structure in Ζhejiang. Ceiba’s widespread planting compounded the problem. This disaster fully exposed the defects of Yuan Dynasty. Many of these defects continued to the end of Yuan Dynasty, so the seeds of Mongolian and Yuan Empire’s demise were deeply buried as early as the early fourteenth century.

: Yuan Dynasty; a famine happened in 1307; Jiangzhe Province; disasters

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: Li Yuan, Lecturer, Institute of Chinese Economic History, Yunnan University, Kunming,Yunan, 650091,China.

: “Jiangnan Grain Tax and Northern Corvee” is a kind of judgment based on the regional varieties of taxation in Ming Dynasty. “Jiangnan Grain Tax” is based on the basic understanding of the heavy tax in Jiangnan area. It has faced many questions that are not based on the quantitative comparison of the tax to the corvee in Jiangnan area since the Ming Dynasty. This paper selects Songjiang as example, which is known as “the heavy tax area of Suzhou and Songjiang”. It is based on the analysis of the composition and characteristics of the corvee, the of ficial account books and the relevant data in the of ficial speeches in order to compare and analyze the scale of corvee and tax in the area. The research shows that the heavy corvee is the basic pattern of the levy of the Songjiang area in the Ming Dynasty. The so-called “heavy corvee” is essentially the result of a large number of corvee and tax in the area. Therefore, the “Jiangnan Grain Tax” of“Jiangnan Grain Tax and Northern Corvee” in the Ming Dynasty is not the correct reflection of the reality.

: the Ming Dynasty; Jiangnan Grain Tax and Northern Corvee; Songjiang; heavy corvee; heavy tax

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: Ζhao Kesheng, Professor, Department of History, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158,China.

: The philological and historical criticism of local virtuous persons refers to the examination of their personal autobiographies, merits and achievements, native places, titles of nobility and of ficial ranks. As an academic means, it could provide accurate historical information for compiling biographies of local virtuous persons and de fining the cults of local virtuous persons in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Those local of ficials,scholars and descendants of local virtuous persons engaged in the philological and historical criticism did the same work with different purposes and feelings. From the perspective of academic characteristics, the philological and historical criticism of local virtuous persons was based on history and local chronicles, and emphasized the reputation of local virtuous persons and the criticism of the evidence, which were different in some ways and common in others with the philological and historical criticism of Qianjia school in Qing Dynasty.

: Ming and Qing Dynasties; the philological and historical criticism of local virtuous persons;the cults of local virtuous persons; the biography of local virtuous persons

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: Wang Ζhihong, Ph.D.Candidate, Department of History, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241,China.

: The Spanish King Philip II succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580, and Spain and Portugal came into the period of Iberian Union. With the arrival of this news in Portuguese Macao, this city began to trade with Spanish Manila. However, due to their individual ambitions, the trade was underdeveloped in the first stage. In the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch and English intruders seriously challenged the Portuguese and Spanish monopoly over the oriental commerce, which caused their further cooperation.In this case, the commercial intercourse between Macao and Manila developed and prospered quickly.But the trade was uneven from the beginning, because the Portuguese almost monopolized this trade, and instead the Spanish with advantageous political status played a disadvantaged role in it, which gives rise to a thought-provoking situation: although the Spanish acquired the imperial crown, the Portuguese gained the wealth.

: Iberian Union ; Portuguese Macao; Spanish Manila; Oriental trade

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