李露
摘 要:随着全球国际化的加快,英语的重要性愈加凸显。本文主要分析了英语学习中五种基本句型的学习,以期对英语学习者有所帮助。
关键词:英语 句型 动词
英语的基本句型实质上是由动词或动词词组的不用功能决定的。因此我们学习英语基本句型就是讨论动词的几种句法功能。下面介绍书面表达常用的五种基本句型。
一、主语—连系动词—表语
连系动词不能单独作为谓语,只能与表语一起共同构成谓语。表语是用来说明主语的性格、性质、身份、类别、特征、状态等。在下列句子中,画线部分为表语。
1.Mary is kind and steel is hard.(形容词作表语)
2.The television was still on.(副词一般不作为表语,尤其是有对应形容词的副词不能用作表语,可用作表语的副词为:on,up,down,in,out,away,off,here,there等)
3.I became a student in an ordinary school.(名词作表语)
4.The machine is out of order.(介词短语作表语)
5.She remained standing for an hour.(现在分词作表语)
6.As a result,I was tired out and depressed...(过去分词作表语)
7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(不定式作表语)
8.My job is repairing cars.(动词作表语)
9.The question is what you want to do.(名词性从句作表语)
注意,从以上例句可以看出,除连系动词be之外,还有一些不及物动词能担当连系动词的作用。
(1)说明主语本身具备某一特征或状态的连系动词:
look,seem,smell,sound,taste等。
Your trips appear\feel\prove\seem\sound very wonderful.
(2)說明主语继续保持某一状态的连系动词:
continue,keep,remain,stay等。
(3)说明主语的性质或状态变化的连系动词:
Become,fall,get,go,grow,turn等。
Meat goes bad easily.
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.
二、主语—谓语
在这一句型中,谓语为不及物动词或不及物动词词组。有些不及物动词其后常常带有一个地点状语或时间状语,否则句义不明,因此状语有时也是不可缺少的。
1.The sun is rising(in the east).
2.His car broke down(not far from the station).
3.Professor Johnson works(hard).
4.Everyone laughed(at her little brother).
5.They stayed in a hotel yesterday evening.
6.The train leaves at six every morning.
注意:在此句型中,有些动词用主动形式表示被动含义,说明主语本身所具有的性质、特征,动词后常带有某一说明主语性质、特征的副词,这时不能用被动语态。其常用动词有:close,cook,cut,dry,open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write等,这类动词还可用作及物动词。
7.The book sells well.—He has sold hundreds of the books.
8.The window won`t shut.—I can`t shut the window.
9.The pen writes smoothly.—I want to write a composition today.
10.The clothes wash easily.—Please wash the clothes for me.
三、主语—谓语—宾语
在此句型中,动词为及物动词,画线部分为宾语。
1.Do you know them and me?(人称代词作宾语)
2.I can`t express myself in English.(反身代词作宾语)
3.I failed an important exam in my life three years ago.(名词作宾语)
4.I began to recognize the strength of my classmates.(不定式作宾语)
5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(动词作宾语)
6.I hope that I have said nothing to hurt you.(宾语从句作宾语)
注意:并不是所有的及物动词都能接上上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法。还应特别注意下列几类动词的句法功能。
(1)只能接不定式作宾语的常用动词:
afford,agree,decide,determine,fail,happen,learn,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,expect,hope,want,wish等。
(2)只能接動名词作宾语的常用动词:admit,appreciate,avoid,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,suggest,under,stand,can`t stand,give up等。
(3)既可接不定式又可接动名词,且意义相近的动词:begin,can`t bear,continue,hate,like,love,prefer,start等。
(4)既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语但意义不同的动词:
forget to do sth 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
go on to do sth 继续做另一事
go on doing sth 继续做同一事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth 意味着
regret to do sth 遗憾地去做某事
regret doing sht 后悔做过某事
remember to do sth 记得要做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
stop to do sth 停下来去做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
try to do sth 尽力做某事
try doing sth 试着做某事
(5)IE动名词主动式相当于不定式被动式的动词:need\require\want\deserve:
These trees need\require\want\watering\to be watered.
This room deserves cleaning\to be cleaned.
⑥只能接动名词作宾语,但可接不定式作宾部的动词:advise,allow,permit,forbid等。
The company forbids surfing the internet during the office hours.
The school forbids the students to smoke in the school.
四、主语—谓语—间接宾语—直接宾语
在此句型中,动词后需接两个宾语,俗称双宾语,即:间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物,这类句型还有五种情况。
第一种情况,间接宾语可由介词to引导,放在直接宾语之后。
1.She handed me a letter—She handed a letter to me.
2.He gave me the dictionary—He gave the dictionary to me.
☆☆间接宾语钱必须加介词to 的几个常用动词:announce,explain,prove,suggest等。
3.He announced the good news to his family.
第二种情况,间接宾语由介词for引导,放在直接宾语之后。
4.She sang us a folk song—She sang a folk song for us.
5.She cooked us a delicious meal—She cooked a delicious meal for us.
第三种情况,直接宾语前需要加介词of,这一结构常用动词者:accuse,convince,cure,inform,persuade,remind,rob,suspect,warn等。
6.I informed her mother of her safe arrival.
7.He accused his father of having broken his word.
第四种情况,直接宾语前需加介词with,常用动词有:present,provide,supply,equip,furnish等。
8.Colleagues presented the retired worker with a check.
9.This shop supplies\provides us with all that we need.
第五种情况,直接宾语可以又不定式或宾语从句充当。
10.He helped me to fetch some chalk here.
11.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?
五、主语—谓语—宾语—宾语补足语
在此句型中,宾语个宾语补足语俗称复合宾语。宾语补足语是用来说明宾语怎样或如何的,因此塔门直接存在着逻辑的主谓关系。这个句式是五个基本句型中比较复杂的句式,因为担任宾语的词和词组较多。下列句子画线部分为宾语补足语。
1.He found his new job tiring.(形容词作宾补)
2.We went to her home but found her abroad.(副词作宾补)
3.I was chose monitor of me class in my senior middle—school.(名词作宾补)
4.They placed her in a very important position.(介词短语作宾补)
5.My teacher advised me to cooperate with others.(不定式作宾补)
6.I was her chatting with Johnson.(现在分词作宾补)
7.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词作宾补)
注意:在这个结构中,如果宾语是动词不定式或宾语从句,这时只能用it作形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。
8.I think it difficult to follow my teacher in the firse English class.
9.I think it best that you should leave here now.