湖南
在英语中,有很多令人费解的短语、句子都是经过隐喻加工的,教学的关键不在于学生对词语的死记硬背,而在于教师引导学生发现隐藏在语言背后的隐喻思维。隐喻能够促使学习者从概念上去理解另一种语言,充分调度学生的想象力,让英语阅读充满趣味,解题自然也游刃有余。
Metaphors We Live By一书提出隐喻不只是一种语言修辞,更是一种思维方式。人类的想法在很大程度上是隐喻化的。隐喻的本质就是用一种物体去理解另一种物体,且这两种物体具有相关性。用简单、常见、形象的东西去指代复杂的、少见的、抽象的东西是隐喻这个工具诞生的使命,这一工具也给语言编码者和解码者提供了放飞想象力的机会,激起了语言学习者无尽的乐趣。这启示我们遇到不懂的单词或表达时,可以基于隐喻去解码编码者所提供的信息或进行再编码。
Metaphors We Live By一书提出许多关于方位、身体部位、拟人、部分代整体等隐喻概念,理解这些概念有助于学生理解词组、短语的含义,免于死记硬背之苦,能够提升学生的阅读及解题能力。
①方位的隐喻
上、下、进、出等词都具有隐喻的特征。“上”隐喻精神的清醒、积极的状态;“下”隐喻无精神、消极的状态。由此衍生的隐喻:由于积累而变得多、大表示积极的含义;少、小表示消极的含义。如:I'm feeling up.You're in high spirits.Thinking about her always gives me a lift.My spirits rose./That boosted my spirits.I'm feeling down.He's really low these days.My spirits sank.I fell into a depression./I'm depressed.
【考例1】Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a gift card.I thought about it.We wereon cash ourselves,but...well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!(2015年全国卷Ⅰ完形填空)
48.A.easy B.low
C.soft D.loose
【答案及解析】B。根据上下文可知,此处指作者自家也缺钱。“我们”身上钱不多,所以要用“low”隐喻钱少的含义。故选B。
②身体部位的隐喻
五官是每天都要用到的器官,因此将五官的特征移接给所见到的事物能够帮助信息接收者更好地理解被编码的信息。“嘴”表示内部与外部的交接处,所以at the mouth of the Hudson River 表示在哈德孙河河口。类似的隐喻还有at the foot of the mountain, headquarters(总部)等。
【考例2】...People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River....(2018年全国卷Ⅲ阅读理解B篇)
24.What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A.Its business culture.
B.Its small population.
C.Its geographical position.
D.Its favourable climate.
【答案及解析】C。根据题干中的关键词“the early settlers”和“New York City”,可以迅速定位答案区域为“New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.”,其中“at the mouth of the Hudson River”表示在哈德孙河河口。故选C。
③日常活动的隐喻
在日常生活中,唱歌是不可缺少的活动,经常可见的sing/ring in my memory其实隐喻的是“在‘我'的记忆中久久不能忘怀”。将抽象的动作用日常化的动作来表示,形象生动、易于理解及记忆。
【考例3】My father answered my letter with just two lines — two lines that will always sing in my— two lines that completely changed my life:
Two men looked out from prison bars,
One saw the mud, the other saw the stars.
...
...I studied the delightful forms of the cactus.I watched for the desert sunsets, and hunted for seashells that had been left there millions of years ago when the sands of the desert had been an ocean.(2016年浙江卷完形填空)
29.A.comparison B.imagination
C.consideration D.memory
35.A.floor B.surface
C.rock D.level
【答案及解析】D;A。根据语境,第29题设空处所在句表示作者永远不会忘记父亲所写的那两行字,它们深深地刻在了作者的记忆里。此处用“sing in my memory”生动、形象地表达“久久不能忘怀”之意。故第29题选D。第35题设空处所在句表示“我”在沙漠里搜寻贝壳,那些贝壳来自几百万年前的海洋底部,与中文的沧海桑田颇有异曲同工之妙。此处用“ocean floor”指代海洋底部,学生经过想象、对比可以找出“ floor”和“底部”的共性。故35题选A。
【考例4】Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解B篇)
24.What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests.
B.She has started a new programme.
C.She dislikes working early in the morning.
D.She has had a tight budget for her family.
【答案及解析】B。grill本为“炙烤”,但根据“Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role”可知,Susanna Reid并不是厨师,借助隐喻工具以及想象力可以推知,“grilling guests”为盘问嘉宾,Susanna Reid是节目主持人。“cooking up a storm in her latest role”应被理解为她新的角色引起了轰动,“cook”以及“storm”都为隐喻。类似的表达有half-baked ideas(不成熟的想法)。故选B。
④部分代整体
一个物体的不同部位代表了不同的特征,凸显其中之一是为了凸出物体的某个功能。
【考例5】Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel,even the hamburger.(2018年浙江卷阅读理解C篇)
28.Why is hamburger mentioned in Paragraph 2?
A.To explain Americans' love for travelling by car.
B.To show the in fluence of cars on American culture.
C.To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D.To praise the effectiveness of America's road system.
【答案及解析】B。前一句用road, wheel暗示美国是个现代化的国家,后一句用hamburger隐喻美国食物,证明汽车对美国文化的影响。故选B。
【考例6】He said without the job, he would simply have too much time and would just do what I did back in college.He said that if he quit the job, he would lose histo work and succeed.(2018年浙江卷完形填空)
52.A.heart B.chance
C.drive D.way
【答案及解析】C。根据语境可知,此处指作者的同学认为如果他辞职,他就会失去工作和成功的欲望。而汽车最核心、最值钱的部分为驱动器,借助隐喻工具以及想象力可以推知,此处用车子的驱动器指代人的精神驱动力、干劲。故选C。
除了采用日常化的经验来加工概念,隐喻还采用形象化的语言。语言能够调度人们的基础知识,还原本体和喻体的相似性,用具体的动作指代抽象的动作,此类词语常见于动词词组。
①相似性
Metaphors We Live By一书提出隐喻概念,即思想是实体(The mind is an entity.)。“某人突然想到某事”的短语:It occurred to sb.that...; It struck sb.that...; It hit sb.that...。因为“思想是实体”是一个普遍被以英语为母语者所接受的概念,所以可以用“思想击打某人”指代“某人突然想到”,类似于中文的“灵光一闪”。本体与喻体的动词具有相似性,因此能够激发学习者的联想、记忆能力。参见以下例题:
【考例7】My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50 000 in support of a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.This combination of healing myself and healing the worldme as the perfect solution.(2017 年天津卷完形填空)
26.A.scared B.considered
C.confused D.struck
【答案及解析】D。思想与实体具有相似性,“想法改变人”的动作是内隐性、突发性的,而“击打”这个动作是外显性、突然性的。在影响上,两者都具有改变人的状态的功能,不过一者是内在的,一者是外在的。两者的动作以及影响都具有相似性,因此可以用sth.struck sb.表示“某人突然想到”。故选D。
【考例8】It seemed that something clicked with thebetween Saturday and Sunday.When they showed up for their Sunday game, they were completely different.They had begun to integrate (融合) the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game.(2015年全国卷Ⅱ完形填空)
51.A.girls B.parents
C.coaches D.viewers
【答案及解析】A。click表示“点击”,一般点击动作之后会有网站页面的变化,而某人的转瞬之念也能打开新的人生,这是影响的相似性。人想到某种想法是突然的,就如被某个不明物体点拨了一下,这两个动作具有相似性。“思想是实体”是一种常见的隐喻得以被理解,因此用“something clicked with the girls”表示“女孩子们豁然开朗”。故选A。
②画面感
除去具有相似性的隐喻表达,其他动词表达也非常有画面感,使学习者受到视觉冲击,延长学习者的记忆时间。
【考例9】I sent letters to everyone I knew, telling them about my project.It worked perfectly.Donations beganin from hundreds of people.(2017年天津卷完形填空)
31.A.breaking B.flooding
C.jumping D.stepping
【答案及解析】B。根据语境可知,此处表示人们的捐款如洪水般涌来。故选B。提到洪水,学生会想到其势不可挡、冲决河道的画面,举一反三,学生不难猜测出flood in表示“涌入”的含义。
【考例10】For many parents, raising a teenager is likefighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries(界限): Where is the line between what I control and what you do?
Why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border con flict?
A.Both can continue for generations.
B.Both are about where to draw the line.
C.Neither has any clear winner.
D.Neither can be put to an end.
【答案及解析】B。使用隐喻工具,我们可以知道作者将抚养小孩子所遇到的困难比喻为打一场战争,而战争肯定就包含了战争的双方以及双方所划出的势力范围,所以“draw the line”便具有了更深一层的含义。
隐喻思维是以英语为母语者看待世界的角度,指示我们从另一个视角解读这个世界。学会运用隐喻思维能够丰富我们的想象力以及增强加密、解密词语的能力。在阅读的过程中,要运用隐喻锻炼思维能力,化未知为已知,提高阅读及解题能力,提高英语学科核心素养。
既然隐喻是基于日常生活中的词语以及形象化的语言来加工抽象的概念,那么我们人人都具有理解隐喻的能力,所以教师在教学中不仅要重视基础词汇的教学,更要善于引导学生总结和发现怎样用简单的物体去指代复杂的物体。不管是单词教学,还是阅读中遇到非常地道的表达,都要停下来想一想怎样调度学生的想象力以及怎样建立新旧知识之间的联系。学生对诸如前文提到的up和down的隐喻的理解就可以促进其阅读能力的提升,例如The question of the new trial is still up in the air.(新一次的审判问题仍然悬而未决);When the dust settled, we felt relieved.(当一切尘埃落定之时,我们松了一口气)。up隐喻未能掌控的事物,down隐喻可以控制的事物,这都基于人类在地上的生活模式。不论在阅读还是在解题中,隐喻思维都能够使知识更加有趣味,让学生充分参与学习的过程,形成善于思考以及乐于想象的习惯。