宁夏
在高三复习备考中,词汇和阅读往往被视为重中之重,因为这是大多数学生的弱项,但是关于听力备考,却很少有人提及。有人说:“打开听力材料,让学生听就行了,磨耳朵,灌耳音,不会太差的。”然而实际情况是这样吗?“听、说、读、写”四个方面,“听”可是排在了第一位。下面,笔者分享本校一轮复习中关于听力备考的一些做法,抛砖引玉,和各位同人进行交流。
提高英语听力水平的首要条件是要有准确的发音,要是学生发音不准确,就算听到了简单的词汇,也是一头雾水。在平时的教学过程中,教师要有意识地要求学生把单词的发音读准。
我们要从高三刚开始的时候,让学生形成充分利用听力录音稿的习惯。学生最容易犯错误的地方是最开始的五段短对话以及最后的独白部分的试题。前者是只读一遍,学生还没有反应过来,“叮”,“请听下一小题”;后者,朗读者滔滔不绝,学生刚听到一道题,下一道题就过去了。在高三复习过程中,教师可以让学生对照录音稿进行跟读,开始时,放慢速,朗读者读一遍,学生跟读一遍。然后,恢复原速度,让学生尽量靠近朗读者的语调、语速和发音。教师可以在学生朗读的时候,告诉学生什么是连读,什么是略读,什么是吞音。高考听力,其实语速并不快,口音也不重。这些发音技巧不需要讲解得过多,简简单单地让学生有所了解即可。毕竟,技巧是为内容服务的。
(2018年全国卷ⅠText 9)
W: Hi! I've only just arrived.
M: Oh, good! Now, here are the keys.Let's go in.There are two apartments.The one for rent is on the right.Do come in.
W: Thank you.I like the carpet.The color is nice, isn't it?
M: Yes, and this apartment is in good condition.Here is your lounge.
W: Where would we eat?
M: There is this corner here, or you can use your kitchen.Come and see.
W: The kitchen is quite small.
M: Yes, but it has everything — cooker, fridge, even a dishwasher.
W: And there are lots of cupboards.
M: Let me show you the bedrooms.This is the smaller one.
W: It's a good size, though.
M: Now come into the other bedroom.You can see the bathroom too.
W: Yes, it is very nice.But I will have to ask my friendfirst and we will come together.I understand it is eight hundred dollars a month.
M: Yes, but a few blocks downtown would be much more expensive.
W: Well, thank you.I will be in touch.
讲解:1.just arrived 此处可以读作 jus ta rrived。以辅音结尾的单词和以元音开头的单词可以连读。2.go in 此处可以读作 go win。以元音结尾的单词和以元音开头的单词,二者之间可以添加y音和w音,以使得发音连贯。3.There are可以读作There ra。以r音结尾的单词和以元音开头的单词可以连读。4.Yes, and this apartment is in good condition.该句中的and可以读作an,good可以读作goo。以t或者d结尾的单词,d和t都是可以吞音的。5.kitchen不要读成了chicken,这才是失之毫厘,差之千里。
为了让学生有种“原来我一直在进步”的感觉,教师可以在听力文稿中设空,让学生听取词汇,不要求学生会写,能听出来即可。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 10)
My name is Emily.I had been a _____(dancer) for quite a long time.I started studying _____(ballet) when I was six years old.By the time I was _____(nine), I was dancing five days a week.When I was eighteen, I decided that I really_____(preferred) contemporary dance and that I wanted to do it professionally.So I applied successfully for the _____(training)program at the school of Toronto Dance Theatre and moved to Toronto to attend the program.That was the period of time I enjoyed _____(most) in Toronto.I graduated on scholarship and danced professionally for ten years.But _____(after)all those years, I found that dance was gradually becoming something that felt like more of a _____(burden) than a joy.I found myself increasingly _____(unwilling) to drag myself to dance performances.So I _____(quit).I do miss dance often,but it makes me happy to think that I'll _____(never) have to go to another training session again.
在一轮复习的时候,面对琳琅满目的教辅资料,该如何着手呢?笔者选择听力资料的原则是“分项训练,基础为主,难度适中,语速适中,高考主播录制”。
听力试题共考查三个部分,短对话、长对话和独白。如果一开始就进入高强度的仿真训练,学生容易被打击得放弃听力。所以,在高三的一轮复习中,教师既要保证有效的训练,又要时刻关注学生的心理状态。选择难度适中的练习题目,让学生稳稳地前进。《考试大纲》中共有24个话题和68条功能意念项目,我们只能“普遍撒网,重点捕捞”。尽量让学生熟悉和了解三种测试题目的考点。很多老师推荐学生听BBC、VOA或者TED,这些确实是很好的听力材料,但是从高考真题中我们会发现,高考中的听力材料语速慢,声音清晰,不涉及敏感话题,所以将BBC、VOA或者TED当作泛听材料还是可以的,但是不适合作为高考应试训练材料。笔者推荐学生将《新概念英语》一、二册美音版当作日常的泛听材料,效果还是不错的,因为高考主播是美国人。此外,听力训练材料的主播最好是高考主播,在经过长期的听力练习后,学生已经习惯、适应了他们的音色和发音,在面对高考英语听力时,就会得心应手了。
经过高一、高二两年的精听和泛听训练,我校学生的听力能力普遍不错。但是在高三一轮复习期间,教师不能满足于不错,而是应该帮助学生形成良好的听力习惯。首先教师要帮助学生复习听音的技巧,比如语音的弱化、连读、爆破等,还要教会学生获取听力材料信息的技巧。在一轮复习中,笔者要求每周进行三次听力训练,并且隔天下午要求学生早到20分钟,进行听力训练,由每个班的课代表负责,自行放音。笔者选用的听力资料包含专题听力12套,基础训练30套,强化训练30套,共计72套,程度较好的班先听中速,第二年过渡到快速,其他各班先从慢速听起,逐渐过渡到中速和快速。各班应在三月底完成听力训练。在后期的高三复习(四月、五月)中,听力训练过渡到每周五次,均在下午播放,由学校统一安排播放,让学生适应本校的听力系统。
(一)在练习听力的时候,学生要学会有的放矢,知道听力考查的要点是什么,这样就可以有针对性地将注意力集中在有效信息上了。首先,教师要让学生明确听力试题常常测试的四种题型:
(1)理解主旨要义(主旨大意题);
(2)获取具体的事实性信息(细节理解题);
(3)对所听内容做出推断(推理判断题);
(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度(观点态度题)。
(二)学生知道了考查的重点在哪,就不会眉毛胡子一把抓,捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。此外,教师还要指导学生掌握听力试题的出题套路:
(1)在短对话中,经常会有一些表示转折、条件、建议或请求等含义的特殊句式,如由but, however等连接的句子,而转折之后为听音重点。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 6)
M: Let's go kite flying, Judy.It's such a lovely day.
W: OK.But let mefinish my chemistry homeworkfirst.Would you mind waiting for half an hour, Max? There are a few sports magazines on the table.
7.What will Max do next?
A.Fly a kite.
B.Read a magazine.
C.Do his homework.
思路:But后说明先不去放风筝,女士写作业,男士即Max读杂志。
(2)长对话的重要设题点往往在答语上。所以,听长对话时重心要放在答语上。
(2018年全国卷ⅠText 7)
M: Good morning, Madam.I am your guide for this trip.
W: How lovely! Could you tell me about the hotel I'm going to stay at?
M: Yes, of course.The Grand Hotel opened in 1990, and it sits on the seaside along the south coast highway.It is the most beautiful hotel here.
9.What is the man doing for the woman?
A.Looking for some local foods.
B.Showing her around the seaside.
C.Offering information about a hotel.
思路:根据女士的话“Could you tell me about the hotel I'm going to stay at?”和男士的话“Yes, of course.”以及他后面给出的信息可知,男士为女士提供了有关这个宾馆的信息。
(3)长对话结尾处,往往会涉及情感态度、建议或决定等总结性的内容。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 7)
W: Hmm...I don't know.I feel like I need to do some exercise.We could probably just walk by the lake.And I'll ask Mike to join us.
M: That sounds like fun.Let's do it.
9.What do the speakers decide to do?
A.Visit Mike.
B.Go boating.
C.Take a walk.
思路:根据女士的话“We could probably just walk by the lake.And I'll ask Mike to join us.”可知,说话者决定去湖边散步。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 8)
M: When your cat drops a dead bird at your feet, she isn't bringing you a present.Most cats just drag food home because it's a safe place to eat.A cat's mom also brings home things to her children to help them practise hunting.So a female cat without children may bring these treats to her owner instead.You may not like them, but at least you don't have to write her a thank-you note.
12.How does the man sound at the end of the conversation?
A.Grateful.
B.Humorous.
C.Curious.
思路:该题问的是态度,根据最后一句话“but at least you don't have to write her a thank-you note”可知,这里男士是用幽默的口吻说“你可能不喜欢那些食物,但是至少你不用给猫写一封感谢信”。
(4)在做听力试题时,学生要学会根据听力材料中的实词来判断其相关的近义词,因为替换词汇也是听力测试的套路之一。
1)抓同义词、近义词
在听力试题中,直接给予信息的试题较少,往往会换一种说法,考查学生是否真的听懂了内容,这就要求学生一是要掌握大量词汇,二是要有相关词汇近义词和同义词的储备量。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 1)
W: So how is your German class going, John?
M: Well, not bad.The pronunciation is fine with me.And its vocabulary is similar to English, but I'm finding the grammar awful.
W: Well, it takes a while to get it right.
1.What does Johnfind difficult in learning German?
A.Pronunciation.
B.Vocabulary.
C.Grammar.
思路:原文中出现的“awful”和题干中的“difficult”为同义词,可以得出“男士认为语法较难”的结论。
2)抓透露说话人身份的关键词
人物关系是听力试题中的常考项,学生在平时的练习中,需要了解常见人物关系的词汇,如夫妻关系、父女关系、母子关系、师生关系、医患关系、消费关系、雇佣关系、同学关系、朋友关系和同事关系等,从而进一步加深对听力材料的理解。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 2)
W: I hope you can come to the party on Saturday.
M: I didn't know I was invited.
W: Sure you are.Everyone in our office is invited.
2.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A.Colleagues.
B.Brother and sister.
C.Teacher and student.
思路:原文中出现了“Everyone in our office”,可知共同在办公室工作,故两人应为同事关系。
3)抓透露地点/场合的关键词
询问对话发生的地点也是听力测试中的必考点之一,学生在备考时,应充分积累那些具有典型意义的透露场合的关键词。听力测试中常常考到的地点:宾馆、图书馆、机场、车站、书店、大街、餐厅、银行、医院以及邮局等。
(2018年全国卷ⅡText 3)
W: May I help you?
M: Yes.When is the next train to London?
W: Oh, let me check.It leaves in twenty minutes.
M: One ticket, please.
3.Where does the conversation probably take place?
A.In a bank.
B.At a ticket office.
C.On a train.
思路:该段对话中出现了“train”“ticket”,由此可知这是一段发生在售票处的对话。
(三)教师要指导学生根据听力试题常考查的内容进行预测,预测考点是提高学生听力试题准确率的有效方法。
(1)根据问题预测
(2018年全国卷Ⅰ)
5.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A.Classmates.
B.Teacher and student.
C.Doctor and patient.
预测:根据问题可以预测对话考查的重点是人物关系,因此应将注意力放在表示人物关系的关键词上。
(2)依靠开篇句预测
(2018年全国卷ⅠText 10)
Thank you very much.Thank you, Doctor Johnson.Well,it is really great to be back at university again.
The thing that I wanted to tell you today is this: Education is important.
17.Who is the speaker probably talking to?
A.Movie fans.
B.News reporters.
C.College students.
预测:该段听力内容应该和“大学”及“教育”相关,听众和演讲者都应该与“大学”及“教育”相关。
(3)根据选项预测
(2018年全国卷Ⅰ)
7.What is the woman interested in studying now?
A.Ecology.
B.Education.
C.Chemistry.
预测:该题三个选项都与学科有关,在听取内容时,应将重心放到学科的名称上。
经过一个学期有针对性的听力训练,我校学生在听力方面取得了很大的进步,每次测试,每个班都会有满分的学生。听力能力的提升不是一蹴而就的,在二轮、三轮复习备考的过程中,教师要根据学生的心理和成绩的起伏,进行适度的调整。