立足语篇分析模式，巧妙解构“七选五”

山东

阅读理解“七选五”的考查目的为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”。本题型既考查考生对文章整体内容的理解能力，又考查考生对语篇结构的分析能力以及通过上下文的表述来进行逻辑思考和推理的能力。以近三年的高考英语全国卷“七选五”为例，从体裁来看，除2018年全国卷Ⅲ为议论文、2017年全国卷Ⅰ为夹叙夹议文外，其他均为说明文；从内容上来看，文章多涉及“科普”内容，因此其潜在读者不限于考生；设题位置有段首、段中和段尾，标题句、段首句和段尾句通常是主题句或总结性、评价性的句子，段中句多考查语句的衔接与连贯或小句间的逻辑关系；选项的设置形式有主句或状语从句等；文章和选项总词数约为300。如何以语篇分析模式为基础，结合上下文的衔接与连贯或小句间的逻辑关系解构“七选五”呢？请看下文。

一、解构“七选五”常用的语篇模式（Discourse Patterns）：一般—特殊型（General—Particular Pattern）和问题—解决型（Problem—Solution Pattern）

1.一般 — 特殊型（General—Particular Pattern）

（1）概括—举例式（generalization—example）：这种模式的特点是在整篇文章的首段含有一个主题句或某一段的首句是一个概括句，可以表达某种观点、看法，给出某个定义或结论，下文的例证部分是对段首句内容的展开、充实，以此来论证或强化主题或概括句。

（2）整体—细节式（preview—detail）：这种模式的特点也是在整篇文章的首段含有一个主题句或某一段的首句是一个概括句，然后引出具体细节对主题或概括句进行解释、说明。

这两种类型的语篇结构一般是：

概括陈述（general statement）—具体陈述/具体细节或举例（details/examples）—总结陈述/评价（选择性的）（conclusion/comment）

例1．（2018年全国卷Ⅱ）

If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out.Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

· Your productivity is improved....

· Your metabolism (新陈代谢) gets a head start....

There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings.Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you're doing it now, then listen up!

【解题思路】从语篇模式分析，整篇文章是“一般—特殊型”，再细化是“整体—细节式”，第一段的最后一句是一个概括句，提出主旨，即：晨练的“benefits”，中间四段各具体陈述一个“benefit”，最后一段进行总结性陈述。

39．B；40．A。分析文章的语篇模式可以推断，中间四段是平行关系，由于第二段和第三段的语篇模式也是“一般—特殊型”，即段首句是主题句，可以推断第39题、第40题也是段首主题句。第39题后面的例子讲的是晨练对于睡眠的好处，由此可以推断B选项“睡眠质量得以改善”，既符合语篇模式，又符合语意逻辑；第40题后面的例子讲的是如果你一大早就去锻炼，你就更可能坚持全天选择健康的食物，由此可以推断A选项“你会坚持你的饮食”应是本段的主旨句。

2．问题—解决型（Problem - Solution Pattern）

情境（选择性的）（situation）—问题（problem）—反应/解决（response/solution）—评价/结果（选择性的）（evaluation/result）

语篇标志词：

问题：concern, difficulty, drawback, problem等；

反应：change, come up with, measure, respond/response等；

解决（或结果）：answer, consequence, effect, outcome,result, solution等；

评价：effective, overcome, succeed, successful, work等。

例2．[（中学联盟）青岛市2017届高三一模]

What is eco-fashion? Eco-fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry.

There is some concern that eco-friendly fashions are just a trend that we will eventually grow tired of but in fact, more and more people are concerning about this and we can make sure that doesn't happen.

A.Then, how to solve the problems?

B.They relate directly to our personal health.

C.Because choosing eco-fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.

D.In addition to this, there is a lot of waste produced in the process, especially in the form of polluted water.

E.The fashion industry has developed quickly.

F.On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.

G.A closer look at the fashion industry points out many problems.

【解题思路】从语篇模式分析，整篇文章是“问题—解决型”，即：“情境—问题—反应/解决—评价/结果”。第一段先通过一个问题引出“eco-fashion”的定义，为下一段问题的提出设置了一个“情境”；第二段提出问题，第三段陈述解决问题的方法，第四段进行评价。

36．G。由第二段“Firstly, ...Secondly, ...Thirdly, ...”可以推断，第36题选项为本段主题句。根据第36题后的3个方面的内容可知，应是对“fashion industry”导致的各种环境问题的总结，故G选项正确。

38．A。第三段第二句用一个强调句指出：在很大程度上，问题的责任人是“fashion producers”，第三句说有“numerous ways”来解决这个问题，因此本段是“反应/解决”环节，故A选项正确，先通过设问激发读者的阅读兴趣，再顺理成章引出相应的解决措施。

40．C。第三段陈述了解决问题的方法。那么，解决了问题会带来什么益处呢？第四段对益处进行了评价、总结。首先陈述了越来越多的人表现出对“eco-friendly fashions”的关心这一事实，接着引出评价“关心环境不但对地球的可持续发展有好处，也有助于我们的个人健康。”故C选项正确。

二、衔接与连贯（Cohesion & Coherence）

在正确解析语篇结构的基础上，还要详细分析空白处的上下文语境中的某些词汇或词汇链内的指称、替代或衔接来有理有据地进行推断；或通过分析为避免与上文某些词语重复而进行的省略以及通过连接词来推理上下句的逻辑关系的方法来确定正确选项。

1．指称（reference）

例：Peter—he; the teachers—they; the door—it

2．替代（substitution）

例：Mary can play tennis, but I can't do so.

3．省略（ellipsis）

例：Mary can speak English well, but Tom can't.

4．连接（conjunction）

例：and, but, when, however, in that case, etc.

5．词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）

例：Peter—the boy—the guy

表示衔接的词汇还可以分为原词、同义词、反义词、上下义词（上义词更加概括，下义词更加具体，它们之间的语义关系是上下义关系，即上义词的意义包含了下义词的意义。例如：“dog”是“animal”的下义词，“animal”是“dog”的上义词；例2中第36题的A选项的“problems”是下文中三个环境问题中的“pollutes, harm, bad effects”的上义词）。

例3．（2018年全国卷Ⅰ）

Color is fundamental in home design—something you'll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you'll love to live in.Do you want a room that's full of life?Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?, color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

...

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you're looking for

C.If you're experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with

E.It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right thefirst time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解题思路】B。从语篇模式分析，本段的结构是“一般—特殊型”，首句是一个概括句“颜色是家装设计的基础”，第二句进一步说明颜色的重要性，紧接着三个问句介绍了各种不同风格或目的的家装设计，设空处应该是对上面的问题做出回应，并对本段内容进行总结性陈述；B选项中的“looking for”是设空后半句中的“want”的同义词，也是设空前一句中“looking for”的原词复现；“Whatever”与上文问题中的“room”“place”是指称关系，再结合上下文逻辑，B选项“无论你想找个什么样的房间”符合语境。

例4.（2016年北京卷）

The Science of Risk-Seeking

Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking.Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

...

A.It all depends on your character.

B.Those are the risks you should jump to take.

C.Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.

D.Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were thefittest.

E.This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

F.However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

【解题思路】F。第71题前一句的句意为“有时候我们会认为一些不必要的风险是值得的，因为当我们衡量风险和回报时，风险似乎是值得的。”而第71题后一句的句意为“我们中有些人就喜欢一些其他人会感到意外和害怕的活动。”题前和题后两句是相反的两个情况，因此F项“然而，并非所有人都使用相同的参考标准来衡量风险和回报。”起衔接作用，表示前后的连接关系；另外，第71题前的“weigh the risk and the reward”在F选项中原词复现，故F选项正确。

三、小句间的逻辑关系（Interdependency Relation of Clause）

小句间的逻辑关系是指空白处的正确选项与上句或下句之间必然存在某一种逻辑关系，在上下文中没有无明显的词汇或词汇链的提示时，就要合理推理、利用小句间的逻辑关系。可以从语法关系、语义关系和修辞关系三个方面来详细分析小句间的逻辑关系，从而选定正确选项。

解构高考题常涉及的小句间的逻辑关系：

例5.（2018年全国卷Ⅱ）

...

· Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.

...

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you're doing it now, then listen up!

【解题思路】E。从语篇模式分析，本段的结构是“一般—特殊型”，首句是一个概括句“你的工作效率提高了”，后面两句都是用来详细解释首句的内容的，E选项与首句之间的逻辑关系是例证关系，与上句的语法关系是并列关系,故E选项正确。

综合运用：

例6．（2017年全国卷Ⅱ）

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done., there are several ways to handle things.Let's take a look at them now.

...

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it..If someone knocks and it's not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint（暗示）that when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed.

A.If you're busy, don't feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you're in the other person's office or in a public area

E.It's important that you let them know when you'll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not

【解题思路】

从语篇模式分析，整篇文章是“问题—解决型”，先在第一段提出问题，第二段至第五段提出四个解决办法。

36．B。

本段语篇模式：问题—解决型。段首句提出问题，然后陈述解决问题的办法。

小句关系：语法关系为主从关系（状语从句）

衔接分析：原词复现（首句中的“Interruptions,work”复现）

40．G。

本段语篇模式：一般—特殊型。段首句是主旨句，其后是用具体细节进行例证。

小句关系：逻辑关系是例证关系

衔接分析：指称（door—it）

在高三的备考中，教师只要逐步引导学生学会分析语篇模式，厘清衔接关系和小句关系，阅读理解“七选五”题目就会迎刃而解，进而提高分数。