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词汇是一门语言的基础,但词汇的习得和掌握却不是一件易事,尤其是在高中英语的学习过程中,面对庞大的词汇体系,教师若墨守成规,采用传统、单一的词汇教学方法,势必会增加学生词汇学习和记忆的负担。而在高三一年的复习备考中,引导学生对高中三年所学的词汇进行梳理、巩固并熟练运用是贯穿始终的一个重要环节。如何激发学生复习词汇的兴趣、提升学生运用词汇的能力是一个值得广大教师探讨的课题。
一直以来,很多语言学家大力推崇在英语词汇教学中运用语境理论。实践证明,语境理论在高三英语词汇复习中发挥着重要的作用。
在连续多年的高三复习备考过程中,笔者比较注重从语境理论出发,探索一些基于语境理论的词汇复习方法。通过探索,笔者总结出几种效果比较好的词汇复习方法,下面以北师大版英语教材必修模块3 Unit 9为依托进行陈述、展示,以期能起到抛砖引玉的效果。
教材有着严格的编审要求,编写科学,且考纲词汇在教材中多是在语篇中呈现。因此,在高三一年的复习中,教师应该充分利用教材内容,帮助学生回归教材,更好地“唤醒”他们已有的知识储备。
将含有单元重点单词的课文原句摘录出来,改写为单句填空,请学生用括号内单词的正确形式或根据括号内的汉语释义填空。这既能训练学生的句法分析能力,又能提高学生灵活运用词汇的水平。
例:(北师大版教材必修模块3 Unit 9)
(1) It is a good city for cycling because it is flat and therefore is _____ (convenience) for bikes.
(2) People have been enjoying the ______ (benefit) of cycling in Amsterdam for years.
(3) But a lot of people think that solar cars are too slow or not very_____(rely).
(4) Well, so far I've only written thefirst few chapters! I want people to have a good ______ (impress) of solar cars.
(5) I admit: I'm __________ (addict) to my car.
(6) On average, about forty people travel in one bus,while the same number _______ (占用)thirty-three cars.
(7) Then tell her about this offer.She'll _____(感激)it.
(8) But anger and stress are nothing _____ (与……比较)to the real costs of the motor car.
Keys: (1) convenient (2) benefits (3) reliable
(4) impression (5) addicted (6) occupy
(7) appreciate (8) compared
教师可按照高考语法填空题的模式,将教材中某一课或整个单元的主线内容改编为一篇语法填空。虽然真正考查到的单元重点词汇数量有限,但是根据教材改编的语法填空包含部分单元词汇。因此,该方法既可帮助学生回归教材内容、渗透词汇复习,又可强化训练学生语法填空这一高考题型的解题思维和能力。
例:(北师大版教材必修模块3 Unit 9)
As we all know, there are more and more cars all over the world.But just as the text The Road to Destruction describes,we get(stick) in traffic jams more frequently.What's worse, many people die every year in road accidents.Besides,some types of cancer are relatedtraffic pollution.
Therefore, for the sake of our health, we should not rely on cars too much.
To our delight, many countries have taken action to reduce the use of cars.For example, in Amsterdam, early in1960s, hundreds of white bikes appeared for people to use.thieves took all the bicycles within weeks, now the“white bike”is back, with a computer chip to recordevery move.
Aside from using bikes, we can also use some clean machines.Scientists(make) solar cars for over twenty years.So far, they have made carsgo up to 80 kph!While using solar cars, we will worry less about pollution(cause) by fuels.In Australia, solar racers have been coming to Australia for years for the World Solar Car Challenge, which helps people to have a better(impress) of solar cars.
Keys: 1.stuck 2.to
3.the 4.Although/Though
5.its 6.have been making
7.which/that 8.caused
9.impression 10.Hopefully
以上两种词汇复习的教学方法均以教材内容为原材料,巧妙设题,无论是单句填空还是语法填空,都是以教材内容为大语境,能很好地帮助学生回顾、掌握重点单词的用法,同时还可训练学生句法分析和语法知识运用的能力。
根据教材改编的单句填空和语法填空提升了学生词汇运用的能力,但是作为高三学生,他们需要具备较强的语篇表达能力,写作这一题型便是考查此能力的有效方法。因此,教师应在教学中将与写作话题有关的重点词汇、重点内容与高考写作指导和训练紧密结合起来。
新课标高考作文有24个话题。日常相关写作素材的积累、词汇的拓展、句式的使用等都是提高学生写作水平的关键因素。因此,在高三复习阶段,教师可将单元话题与高考写作话题有机结合起来,设计一些与话题相关的句子翻译或者写作训练,让学生在练习的过程中既强化其对单元词汇的使用又在一定程度上训练其书面表达能力。
词汇是句子的基础,句子组成段落,段落构成篇章。因此,要提高学生的写作能力,在日常教学中教师应加强对学生句子翻译的训练。
例:(北师大版教材必修模块3 Unit 9)
Unit 9 Wheels 所涉及的内容与24个写作话题中的话题19“世界与环境”密切相关。因此,在复习该单元时,笔者设计了以下句子翻译练习。
(1)最近几年,我们城市小汽车的数量一直在快速上升。
(2)越来越多的人恋上了使用小汽车,拒绝乘坐公共交通工具。
(3)小汽车给我们带来了极大的便捷。
(4)我们不得不承认,小汽车的过度使用经常导致塞车。
(5)小汽车的过度使用造成了严重的环境污染。
(6)幸运的是,现在我们随处可看到各种共享单车。
(7)无论在哪,我们使用共享单车都很方便。
(8)我确信,只要我们都少用小汽车,一定对环境大有裨益。
Keys:
(1)In the last few years, the number of cars in our city has been going up quickly.
(2)More and more people are addicted to using cars,and refuse to use public transport.
(3)Cars bring us much convenience.
(4)We have to admit that the overuse of cars often causes traffic jams.
(5)The overuse of cars has also caused serious environmental pollution.
(6)Fortunately, we can see various kinds of shared bikes everywhere now.
(7)It is convenient for us to use shared bikes wherever we are.
(8)I am sure if we all use cars less, it will benefit the environment a lot.
我们不难发现,以上这8个句子之间存在逻辑关联性。教师讲评完学生翻译的句子后,要注意引导学生合理整合这8个句子,如化单句为复合句,或添加合适的连词、过渡词等,将这8个句子整合为一篇表达连贯、流畅的小短文,而这些能力,也正是在写作中学生需要具备的。
除了设计句子翻译外,教师还可以结合单元话题,设计相关的写作训练,兼顾对词汇使用及写作能力的培养和训练。
例:(北师大版教材必修模块3 Unit 9)
假设你是星光中学的李华,将参加主题为Let's Ride Bicycles的英语演讲比赛。请撰写一份演讲稿,主要内容包括:
1.目前汽车使用带来的各种问题;
2.骑自行车的益处;
3.向全校师生发出呼吁。
注意:
1.词数100左右;
2.演讲稿开头已给出,不计入总词数;
3.参考词汇:低碳生活low-carbon life,节能energy saving。
Good morning everyone,
I am Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School.The topic of my speech is Let's Ride Bicycles.As is known to all, with the improvement of people's living standards, cars have become a popular means of transport, bringing great convenience to our life.However, they have also caused some problems, such as air pollution and traffic jams.
How can we solve the problems then? As far as I'm concerned, riding bicycles is a good solution.For one thing,bicycles don't need any petrol and they are energy - saving.For another, bicycles are environmentally friendly because they won't give off waste gas.What's more, riding bicycles is a good way for us to exercise and it is beneficial to our health.Therefore, let's take the responsibility to build up a low carbon city by riding bicycles.Come on and join us!
That's all.Thank you!
教师可以引导学生以小组为单位进行比赛,让学生根据教师提炼的单元重点词汇进行故事创作。一位名人曾经说过:“Tell me and I will forget; show me and I will remember;involve me and I will understand.” 在故事创作的过程中,学生真正参与进来,自行创设新语境,从词汇的输入到输出,这其中有一个自我思索的过程。通过让学生发挥想象力,运用本单元所学单词编写一个属于自己的故事,在思考的过程中揣摩单词,从而加深印象。在教学实践中笔者发现,根据相同的目标词汇,不同的小组创作出的故事往往不同。在学生分享故事的过程中,课堂氛围轻松活跃,这有利于进一步增强词汇复习的效果。
例:(北师大版教材必修模块3 Unit 9)
Make up a story by yourselves, using at least 10 of the following given words and phrases:
benefit/beneficial, convenient, impression, responsibility,appreciate, exhibition, addicted, reduce, admit, hopefully,schedule, be fed up with, persuade,figure out, rely on
One story made up by a group of students:
Once, little Tom was quite addicted to playing computer games.Day by day, his parents were fed up with it, and decided to take the responsibility to help Tom get rid of his addiction to computer games.First, they managed to persuade Tom to join in some outdoor activities, such as hiking, camping and so on, which turned out to benefit Tom physically and mentally.Then, as Tom liked cartoons, they took Tom to appreciate some art exhibitions, when it was convenient for them all.Little by little, Tom has reduced the time spent on computer games.Tom admits that he lives a much happier life now.
通过发挥想象力和小组的协作能力,学生们创造出一个个形象、生动的故事,在新颖、有趣的故事背景下,词汇在语境中得以合理使用,从而得到强化、巩固。
在高三复习备考阶段,学生做的试题可谓数不胜数。高三英语试题中的语篇大多语言地道,虽然含有一定的生词量,但通篇绝大多数词汇是考纲内词汇。因此,教师在指导学生完成相应的试题练习的同时,还要关注词汇的附带习得。一般来说,词汇附带习得的效率和效果跟任务投入量的大小密切相关,任务投入量大的语言活动会创造更多的无意识记的机会,促进学生的词汇附带习得,并增强记忆的持久性。譬如,教师可引导学生整理出篇章中的重点单词或重点短语进行归纳记忆,也可以增加其他任务量,譬如对于文章中目标词汇较多的完形填空或阅读理解,可以要求学生尽量用目标词汇写出文章的概要或者进行复述。在对信息进行积极主动的意义构建后,学生的词汇记忆效果显著增强。
总之,教师在带领学生进行词汇复习时,要尊重学生的主体地位,依托教材,结合语境理论,采用多样化的复习方法,为学生创建多彩的复习课堂,从而充分激发学生复习的积极性,有效增强学生复习的效果,进而帮助学生掌握大量的词汇,为提升学生的英语综合能力奠定坚实的基础。