巧用高考真题 扩大英语词汇量

2019-01-10 14:22:29广东
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年1期
关键词:构词法短语单词

广东

英国的语言学家魏尔金斯曾说:“没有语法,不能很好地表达;没有词汇,则什么也表达不了。”这说明了词汇在英语学习中的重要性。但是,在高三英语第二轮复习中,学生被试卷包围,盲目地刷题;教师也不断地讲解试题答案和解题技巧。学生和老师都忙得焦头烂额,却收效甚微。

没抓词汇,岂有回报?教师可以引导学生通过高考试题中的阅读理解来复习词汇和扩大词汇量。这样的话,英语瓶颈,岂能不破?下面笔者结合2018年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解第一节A、B、C、D四篇文章来分析高三英语第二轮复习中如何巧用试题进行高考词汇复习。

一、破旧词,寻新义

在复习中,教师觉得初中的词汇是“鸡肋”,弃之可惜,食之无味。然而旧瓶能装新酒,旧词能寻新义,初中词汇这碗“冷饭”一样可以炒得有滋有味。例如让学生猜测下列划线部分单词的意义:

1.Which tour do you need to book in advance?(A篇)

2.Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C.(A篇)

3....with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,...(B 篇)

4....Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.(B篇)

5.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.(C 篇)

6.Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.(C 篇)

7.“The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, ...” (D 篇)

8.They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.(D 篇)

答案:1.book vt.预订(熟义:n.书);2.heart n.中心(熟义:n.心脏);3.top adj.最重要的(熟义:n.顶部);4.value n.划算程度(熟义:n.价值);5.independent adj.不受……的影响(熟义:adj.独立的);6.pick v.举例(熟义:v.捡起);7.plant vt.稳固地放置(熟义:n.植物);8.cut v.减少(熟义:vt.切)

二、攻难词,贵反复

深入了解简单的单词后,学生要想有一个质的飞跃,达到一个更高的层次,就必须攻下高频难词。2018年全国卷Ⅰ的四篇阅读中都有不少高频难词,例如下列8道根据中文填写适当单词的练习题:

1.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they _____(开花).(A篇)

2.This bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C.in a healthy way with _____(最小的)effort.(A篇)

3.With food our biggest weekly household _____(费用), Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.(B 篇)

4.The team ____(转 变 )the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.(B 篇)

5.In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal_____(义务的)education,...(C篇)

6.None of these seems to have much chance of _____ (幸存).(C篇)

7.As these outdated devices _____(消费)much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.(D 篇)

8.As we _____ (积累 )more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones.(D 篇)

答案:1.blossom ;2.minimum ;3.expense;4.transforms;5.compulsory;6.survival;7.consume;8.accumulated

为了高效攻下这些高频难词,学生需采取如下的方法:第一,每天利用零碎时间背诵高频难词,化零为整。在不断跟它们碰面的过程中,从“陌生人”到“好朋友”是水到渠成的事。第二,学生要紧跟时代的潮流,利用实用有效的背词app软件。如百词斩,里面生动形象的图片、简短实用的例句非常有助于学生掌握高频词汇。第三,巩固词汇,阅读是王道。没有阅读,何来积累?在不断地阅读中,学生既收获了词汇,也提高了语感、扩大了视野、增长了知识,何乐而不为?在阅读过程中,学生更需把题干和四个选项中出现的高频难词收入囊中,因为它们在文章中出现的可能性比较大,这样就有了至少2次的碰面机会。例如,D篇中consumption出现了3次,分别在文章的第三段、第四段和第33题的D选项;consumer出现了2次,分别在文章的最后一段和第33题的C选项;consume在第一段出现了1次。在跟此篇阅读的碰撞中,岂能不跟这三个同根词擦出美丽的火花?

此外,即使是高频难词,也需要注重其一词多义。例如B篇阅读的第一段第一句“Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, ...”中的grill在此处表示“追问,盘问”,而不是“烧烤”。

三、抓短语,需分类

旧词和高频难词的复习十分重要,短语的复习亦不可忽视。短语里面的单词简单易懂,很多学生不以为然,却因此吃了大亏。例如B篇的第一段第一句“..., but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.”中的“cook up a storm”表示“尽情、起劲地做饭”,它是B篇第24题的解题关键。还有C篇第二段的最后一句“increasingly taking over(越来越占据统治地位)”中的短语“take over”是第29题(词义猜测题)的解题关键,take over 和dominant(占优势的)是同义表达,学生往往因为没掌握这2个短语而失分。

在复习短语时,学生可以根据词性来划分,如划分为动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等,特别要熟记16个高频动词(break, bring, call, come, cut, give, go,get, hold, look, make, put, set, take, turn, set)构成的短语的用法。2018年全国卷Ⅰ的阅读理解中出现了1个take的合成词和2个含take的短语,如下:

takeaway:“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.(B 篇)

take over: ...Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.(C 篇)

take apart:Take them apart.(D篇第35题的B选项)

复习take构成的短语势在必行:take after与……相像;take along携带;take...apart拆开;take away 拿走,带走,消除;take away from...从……带/拿走;take back 退回,拿回,收回;take down 拿下,记下;take for...当作……,误以为是……;take in 吸收,接纳,上当;take off(飞机)起飞,脱掉(衣帽/鞋),成功,休息;take on 呈现;take out 取得,拔除,邀请(某人)外出;take over 接管,接替。

四、扩词汇,巧借力

(一)巧用构词法,词汇连连翻

高考考纲要求考生掌握3500个词汇。学生巧用构词法,词汇翻倍特轻松。最常见的构词法有派生法、合成法和转化法。根据以下练习来巩固这3种方法:

1.派生法

(1)Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—_____ (appear)!(A 篇)

(2)In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious ______(inspire)on a budget.(B篇)

(3)The distribution of these languages is hugely _____(even).(C 篇)

(4)We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something _____(shine)and new,...(D 篇)

2.合成法

(5)Visit ______(著名的)museums.(A篇第22题的C选项)

(6)“..., so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican_______________ (外卖的 )restaurant,” she explains.(B篇)

(7)When the world was still populated by _____(采集狩猎的人), ...(C篇)

(8)...as these ______(过时的)devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.(D篇)

3.转化法

在括号中写出下列划线词在句子中的汉语意思。

(9)Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike (______)the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.(A篇)

(10)In tonight’s Easter special (______)they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.(B 篇)

(11)In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread (_____) of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, ...(C 篇)

(12)Devices were grouped (______)by generation.(D篇)

答案:(1)disappear;(2)inspiration;(3)uneven;(4)shiny;(5)well-known;(6)takeaway;(7)hunter-gatherers;(8)outdated;(9)vt.骑自行车;(10)n.特别节目;(11)n.传播,普及;(12)vt.分组

4.详细讲解

根据上面的练习,教师可以重点选取一种构词法进行详细介绍,如转化法。名词转化为动词的词一般分为五类:

(1)表示物件的名词可用作动词

【例1】He is about to chair an important meeting.(chair v.担任主席)

【例2】She pictured herself with long hair.(picture v.想象)

(2)表示身体部位的名词可用作动词

【例1】Many people backed his plan.(back v.支持)

【例2】Our monitor shouldered great responsibility.(shoulder v.承担)

(3)表示一类人的名词可用作动词

【例1】Don’ t be fooled by his appearance.(fool v.欺骗)

【例2】Professor Tom pioneered DNA tests.(pioneer v.倡导)

(4)一些其他实物名词也可用作动词

【例1】His home houses up to nine people.(house v.为……提供住房)

【例2】Their relationship flowered.(flower v.变得更好)

(5)有些抽象名词可用作动词

【例1】Their decision angered him.(anger v.使气愤)

【例2】He hungered for adventure.(hunger v.渴望)

(二)巧用归类法,词汇倍倍增

在复习阶段,为了进一步巩固学生词汇复习的效果,教师可以引导学生巧用分类法进行词汇巩固。例如:2018年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解的A篇是活动介绍,B篇是饮食节目介绍,C篇是语言的消失,而D篇是新旧电子设备的能耗。通过归类整理这四篇不同话题文章中的词汇,学生可以高效记忆相关词汇。如B篇涉及的是饮食节目类,教师可以指导学生整理他们熟悉的“饮食类”词汇,如:beef n.牛肉;chicken n.鸡肉;fish n.鱼;mutton n.羊肉;pork n.猪肉;steak n.牛排;vegetable n.蔬菜;dessert n.点心;buffet n.自助餐;cafeteria n.自助餐厅;recipe n.食谱;nutrition n.营养;chew v.咀嚼;digest v.消化;delicious adj.美味的;tasteless adj.无味道的;sour adj.酸的;sweet adj.甜的;bitter adj.苦的;hot adj.辣的;salty adj.咸的。

在高三英语第二轮复习中,学生不能迷失在一片试卷的海洋中,要学会利用试卷检验和扩大自己的词汇量。同时,教师也要指导学生巧用高考真题,每次有重点地介绍复习单词的方法,这样学生的词汇量才能不断地扩大、学生学习英语的能力才能更上一层楼!

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