孙晓涛 田惠 李军霞 罗静 张晓英 郭建瑞 高崇 李小峰
[摘要] 目的 探討甲基强的松龙(Methylprednisolone,MP)治疗对强直性脊柱炎(Ankylosing spondylitis,AS)患者外周血单核细胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)IL-23、IL-17基因表达及Th17、Treg细胞分布状态的影响及意义。 方法 选取30例活动期AS患者为实验组,予短期大剂量MP治疗,治疗方案为2.5~4 mg/kg,Qd,每个疗程3~4 d,间隔3~4 d,2~3个疗程;选取30例正常人作为对照组,予等体积生理盐水,给药时间、方式同前。RT-PCR检测对照组及MP治疗实验组前后PBMCs IL-23 P19 mRNA、IL-17A mRNA表达水平,FCM检测PBMCs Th17、Treg细胞分布状态,分析其与临床症状、疾病活动性指标的相关性。 结果 1.实验组Th17细胞分布及IL-23、IL-17基因表达治疗高于对照组,与BASDAI、夜间痛、血沉、CRP指标之间呈正相关;实验组Treg细胞分布低于对照组,与上述指标呈负相关。2.实验组Th17细胞分布、IL-23基因表达及IL-17基因表达之间互呈正相关,IL-23基因表达和Treg细胞分布呈负相关,Th17细胞分布和Treg细胞分布呈负相关;3.实验组经MP治疗后BASDAI、BASFI、夜间痛、血沉、CRP较治疗前均下降,IL-23、IL-17基因表达及Th17细胞分布较治疗前均下降,Treg细胞分布较治疗前上升;以上差异均具有统计学意义。 结论 IL-23/IL-17轴、Th17/Treg细胞失衡可能参与AS的发病及病情活动,而MP可通过抑制促炎因子IL-23、IL-17分泌、纠正Th17/Treg失衡改善AS临床症状并降低疾病活动度。
[关键词] 强直性脊柱炎;甲基强的松龙;IL-17;IL-23;Th17;Treg
[中图分类号] R593.23 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)15-0029-05
Influence of methylprednisolone on IL-23/IL-17 and Th17/Treg of peripheral blood in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
SUN Xiaotao TIAN Hui LI Junxia LUO Jing ZHANG Xiaoying GUO Jianrui GAO Chong LI Xiaofeng
Department of Rheumatology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the influence and significance of methylprednisolone(MP) on the genetic expression and distribution of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) IL-23 and IL-17 as well as Th17 and Treg in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS). Methods 30 patients in the active period of AS were selected as study group and treated with short-term and high-dose MP. The treatment regimen was 2.5-4 mg/kg, Qd, 3-4 d/course, 3-4 d interval and 2-3 courses. 30 healthy persons were selected as control group and given isometric normal saline by the same administration time and method.RT-PCR test was used to assess the expression of PBMCs IL-23 P19 mRNA and IL-17A mRNA, and FCM was used to assess the cell distributions of PBMCs Th17 and Treg in control group and study group before and after treatment. Associations of them with clinical symptoms and indicators of disease activity were analyzed. Results 1.Cell distribution of Th17 and genetic expression of IL-23 and IL-17 in study group were higher than those in control group, and positively associated with BASDAI, hypnalgia, erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and CRP.Cell distribution of Treg in study group was lower than that in control group, and negatively associated with indicators mentioned above. 2.In study group, cell distribution of Th17, genetic expression of IL-23 and genetic expression of IL-17 were positively associated with each other, and the genetic expression of IL-23 and the cell distribution of Th17 were negatively associated with the cell distribution of Treg respectively. 3.In study group, BASDAI, BASFI,hypnalgia,ESR and CRP after treatment were lower than those before treatment while cell distribution of Treg after treatment was higher than that before treatment. All the differences above were statistically significant.Conclusion The axis of IL-23/IL-17 and the unbalance of Th17/Treg could be involved in the attack and disease activity of AS.MP could improve the clinical symptoms of AS and reduce the disease activity by inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory factors IL-23 and IL-17, and correcting the unbalance of Th17/Treg.
[Key words] Ankylosing spondylitis; Methylprednisolone; IL-17; IL-23; Th17; Treg
强直性脊柱炎是一种常见的炎性风湿系统疾病,主要累及中轴关节如脊柱和骶髂关节,可引起典型炎性腰背痛,导致患者关节结构和功能障碍使患者的生活质量严重下降。但是与风湿系统其他疾病如类风湿关节炎不同,用于治疗强直性脊柱炎的药物较少,根据ASAS/EULAR关于强直性脊柱炎的管理建议,通常仅予非甾体抗炎药物(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAID)缓解疼痛,疗效欠佳时加用肿瘤坏死因子α拮抗剂(Anti-TNFα),而针对强直性脊柱炎的外周表现,在上述用药基础上同时予缓解病情的抗风湿性药物(disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug,DMARD)及糖皮质激素[1]。至今为止,研究发现有30%~40%的患者接受上述治疗方案后仍处于疾病活动期[2-3],因此,寻找新的治疗策略成为当前治疗AS急需解决的问题。目前,在自身免疫性疾病方面,Th17细胞和Treg细胞之间的平衡为发病机制作出新的解释[4],且大剂量糖皮质激素对于治疗活动性AS患者的有效性已经得到证实[5]。本实验旨在探讨MP治疗对与活动性AS患者PBMCs IL-23、IL-17基因表达水平及Th17细胞、Treg细胞分布状态的影响及意义,尝试为MP用于今后AS的治疗寻找理论依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
纳入标准:符合Vander Linden等在家族和人群调查的基础上于1984年提出修改的纽约标准(MNY标准)[6],年龄18~60岁,强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity In-ex,BASDAI)≥4 分[7]。排除标准[8]:除外有心肌梗死病史、脑梗死病史、不受控制的动脉高血压病史、糖尿病病史、肾脏病史或肝脏病史、明确糜烂或胃肠道溃疡性病史、出血史、支气管哮喘病史或其他慢性疾病加重期,病毒性肝炎,艾滋病毒感染,肿瘤或血液系统疾病、孕妇。30例实验组患者均于2014年8月~2015年1月就诊于我科明确诊断为AS,其中男21例,女9例,年龄18~54岁,平均(35±12)岁。对照组为相匹配30例正常人,男18例,女12例,年龄23~56岁,平均(32±10)岁。参与该实验的每位受试者均签署激素使用知情同意书,且本研究已取得伦理委员会批准,严格按照临床试验规范进行。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 干预措施 实验组予短期大剂量注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠注射液(规格40 mg,Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium NV,国药准字H20130301)静脉滴注治疗,方案2.5~4 mg/kg,1次/d,每个疗程3~4 d,间隔3~4 d,2~3个疗程,同时予胃黏膜保护剂。对照组予等体积生理盐水,给药时间、方式同前。
1.2.2 填写AS病例调查表以及BASDAI、BASFI表格 所有AS患者均在医生指导下填写AS病例调查表及BASDAI、BASFI表格,采用BASDAI、脊柱痛VAS评估患者的临床症状及体征,采用BASFI、夜间痛VAS评估患者躯体功能,采用枕墙距、指地距、胸廓活动度、Schober试验评估患者骨骼及肌肉活动度,监测ESR、CRP、肝肾功。
1.2.3 测定PBMCs IL-17、IL-23基因表达水平、Th17、Treg细胞分布状态
1.2.3.1 分离PBMCs 安静状态下取静脉血8 mL,分别置于2支肝素锂抗凝管中,采用Ficoll密度梯度分离法分离PBMCs。
1.2.3.2 荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)测定IL-23、IL-17基因表达 ①总RNA抽提与定量:收集提纯后的PBMCs 1×106个/mL,按试剂盒说明书(TaKaRa)步骤抽提总RNA,紫外分光光度计测定RNA含量。②反转录-PCR:按试剂盒说明,经逆转录合成cDNA。③扩增引物设计:以 GAPDH作为内参基因,检索NCBI数据库获得目的基因IL-23p19、IL-17A的全长序列,Oligo6設计相应引物,引物均由上海生工生物有限公司合成。见表1。④RT-PCR:采用SYBRR Premix EX TaqTM Ⅱ(Tli RNaseH Plus)(TaKaRa),使用PRISM 7300型荧光定量PCR仪器(ABI,美国)检测,CT值是PCR仪检测到反应体系中荧光信号的强度值,ΔCT实验组=(CT,目的基因-CT,管家基因)实验组,ΔCT对照组=(CT,目的基因-CT,管家基因)对照组,ΔΔCT=ΔCT实验组-ΔCT对照组,2-ΔΔCt即为两组的差异。
1.2.3.3流式细胞术测定Th17细胞 ①细胞培养:收集提纯后的PBMCs,以每孔1×106个/mL细胞种于48孔板中,加入PMA(2 μL),Iono(10 μL)刺激,放入37℃无菌细胞培养箱中,1 h后向细胞悬液中加1 μL高尔基阻断剂,孵育4~6 h后收集细胞。②细胞标记:以CD4-FITC设门,固定,破膜,应用IL-17A PE(5 μL)标记Th17细胞。③流式细胞仪检测:采用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪(Becton Dickinson公司,美国)检测Th17细胞百分率,以Cell Quest软件获取、分析实验结果。
1.2.3.4 流式细胞术测定Treg细胞 ①细胞标记:以CD4-FITC设门,固定,破膜,用CD25 APC(5 μL)、FOXP3 PE(5 μL)标记Treg细胞。②流式细胞仪检测:所用流式细胞仪及分析软件同Th17。具体操作参照试剂说明书步骤。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS22.0软件进行统计学处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)进行统计描述,计数资料以率描述,所有数据均进行正态性检验,符合正态分布者组间比较采用t检验,否则采用秩和检验。相关性采用Spearman秩相关。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 实验组治疗前与对照组及实验组接受MP治疗前后IL-17、IL-23基因表达水平及Th17、Treg细胞分布状态比较
实验组治疗前与对照组相比,IL-17、IL-23基因表达及Th17细胞分布明显升高,Treg细胞分布明显降低,差异有统计学意义;实验组接受MP治疗后与治疗前相比IL-23基因表达、IL-17基因表达、Th17细胞分布较治疗前下降,Treg细胞分布较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义。见封三图3~6、表2。
2.2 实验组IL-17、IL-23基因表达水平及Th17、Treg细胞分布与各临床指标的相关性分析
实验组IL-17基因表达与所评估指标呈正相关,IL-23基因表达除与BASFI评分无显著相关性外,与其余指标呈正相关;实验组Th17细胞分布与所评估指标呈正相关,实验组Treg细胞分布除与BASFI评分无显著相关性外,与其余指标呈负相关。见表3。
2.3 实验组PBMCs IL-23、IL-17基因表达水平与Th17、Treg分布状态的相关性分析
实验组IL-23基因表达、IL-17基因表达、Th17细胞分布之间互呈正相关,IL-23基因表达、Th17细胞分布与Treg细胞分布呈负相关,而IL-17基因表达与Treg细胞分布之间无明显相关性。见表4。
2.4 实验组MP治疗前后临床指标变化
MP治疗前后对实验组所有患者脊柱痛、夜间痛、BASDAI评分、BASFI评分、胸廓活动度、枕墙距、指地距、Schober试验进行评估记录,统计发现接受治疗后以上指标均有所改善(P<0.05)。见表5。
2.5不良反应
经MP治疗后实验组患者出现2例血压升高,1例轻度肝功能异常,2例上呼吸道感染,2例血糖升高,3例睡眠障碍。经对症处理后,所有症状均好转。给药前后动态监测血、尿常规及肾功能,均未见明显异常,无严重不良事件发生。1年后对患者进行电话随访,结果如下:2例患者失访,2例患者症状反复,余患者均规律复诊,无炎性下腰痛、足跟痛等AS相关临床症状,复查血常规、血沉、肝肾功能均未见明显异常,无骨质疏松、心血管疾病及严重不良事件发生。
3 讨论
针对实验组疾病复发的问题,临床上仍采用免疫抑制剂、生物制剂及非甾体药物的治疗方案,院外建议患者长期锻炼、定期复诊,同时在随诊阶段,根据患者病情调整口服药物剂量。分析2例患者临床症状反复发作的原因,可能与其自行停服药物相关。关于AS患者远期疗效及MP治疗的副作用仍需长期随访观察。
AS是脊柱关节病(SPA)中最常见的亚型,是一种主要累及中轴关节的慢性炎症性疾病。既往队列研究显示,国内AS患病率为0.3%,发病年龄为(29.2±11.4)岁,男女比例为2.7:1[9]。该病以炎性腰背痛、不对称的外周关节炎和附着点炎为主要特征。最常见的关节外表现是葡萄膜炎、牛皮癣、炎症性肠病。该病可导致腰背及四肢多关节疼痛、僵硬以及终末期的关节融合,致残率极高,给患者、家庭及社会带来了沉重的精神和经济负担[10,11]。
既往大部分学者认为Th1和Th2在自身免疫性疾病中具有不可替代的炎症效应,然而,自1995年发现IL-17以来,越来越多的焦点关注在IL-17/IL-23轴和Th17和Treg细胞的平衡[4]。Th17细胞是一类可以分泌多种特异性细胞因子(如IL-17、IL-17F、IL-21和IL-22)的T细胞亚型,上述细胞因子均参与介导炎症反应。研究证明,在类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化症、银屑病和炎性肠病等各种自身免疫性疾病的发病机制中,IL-17均起到关键作用[12-13]。
IL-17不仅可以与IL-6和IL-1协同促进Th17细胞的分化,且能促进Th17细胞分泌炎性细胞因子[14]。Treg细胞也是T细胞的亚型之一,以高表达IL-2受体α链(CD25)和Foxp3转录因子为特征。目前对Treg细胞的作用尚不明确,但越来越多的证据表明Foxp3 + Treg细胞可以通过直接或间接的途径抑制免疫应答[15]。Th17细胞与Treg细胞之间存在相关性,如TGF-β的刺激可同时诱导两者的分化,但与IL-6或IL-21结合后,则起到抑制Treg细胞的效果[16]。分子水平上,Foxp3与RORγt和RORα物理结合相互拮抗可能是Th17细胞与Treg细胞之间相互作用的基础[17]。此外,HIF1α可以结合并增强RORγt的表达促进Th17细胞的分化,同时又可以通过抑制Foxp3的表达进而减少Treg细胞的分化[18]。生理情况下,两种T细胞亚型之间的平衡维持了免疫系统的稳定,但两者关系的破坏会导致一系列自身免疫性疾病[19]。Th17细胞是高表达IL-17的CD4+T细胞亚群之一,IL-23可以刺激其扩增并维持其活性,在抗原刺激的作用下,IL-23表达增加,進而促进Th17细胞分化,诱发自身免疫性疾病[20]。Th17分化受Th1、Th2调控,在AS中存在Th1、Th2平衡偏移状况。Treg细胞是具有免疫耐受作用的CD4+T细胞,可通过下调IL-23、IL-17表达水平或通过其特异转录因子Foxp3来抑制Th17细胞分化[21],其数量及功能异常可导致自身免疫性疾病发生[22]。不可否认,越来越多的证据表明IL-17/IL-23轴,Th17和Treg细胞的平衡参与了强直性脊柱炎的发病[23]。
本研究显示,AS PBMCs IL-23、IL-17基因的表达、Th17细胞分化较正常人升高,而Treg细胞活性低于正常人,与之前的研究结果一致[24],说明其在AS的发病机制中起了重要的作用。AS尚无明确的疾病缓解标准,缺乏有效治疗方案,目前常用的有非甾体类抗炎药、柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片、糖皮质激素(Glucocorticoid GC)、生物制剂等。在20世纪80年代后期,低剂量的糖皮质激素首次用于非甾体类抗炎药物治疗效果不佳的患者。迄今为止,糖皮质激素对自身免疫性疾病的治疗效果已经被大量研究所证实[25],但由于其副作用和长期使用存在的药物毒性,多数患者仍然拒绝激素的治疗方案。Rumiantseva等[26]给予患者短期大剂量糖皮质激素治疗,均可以观察到迅速的疾病缓解,41%的患者可以持续3个月,其中9%的患者临床指标具有统计学意义,因此得出短期大剂量糖皮质激素对于多数活动性AS患者疗效显著且具有良好的耐受性的结论,与Richter等[27]的结论一致,其认为MP不仅具有迅速缓解炎症的作用,还有持续的免疫效应。Haibel等[5]在AS患者口服强的松治疗的随机双盲对照临床研究中,结果显示高剂量组(50 mg/d)及低剂量组(20 mg/d)BASDAI评分较安慰剂组均有所改善,且高剂量组(50 mg/d)改善程度优于低剂量组。
甲基強的松龙是糖皮质激素的一种,因其起效快、作用持久且副作用偏小,被广泛应用于治疗大多数炎性风湿系统疾病上,疗效显著[28]。且目前已有研究表明,大剂量的MP静脉注射可以通过增加活动期SLE患者Treg细胞的数量来阻止疾病的进展[29]。近10年,对AS治疗的相关基础研究表明:MP对于AS患者疗效确切,可明显改善AS患者临床症状、体征、炎性指标,静脉大剂量治疗时临床指标改善程度明显优于小剂量口服激素,且安全性较好,在难治性AS患者尤为明显。我们前期研究同时证明MP可通过抑制促炎因子 IFN-γ、TNF-α等的分泌,调节Thl、Th2细胞失衡状态从而发挥疗效,并能显著缓解AS的眼部受累症状,与既往研究结论一致[30]。
综上,在AS发病机制中,IL-23、IL-17基因表达的改变、Th17/Treg失衡可能参与其发病,MP可通过抑制IL-17、IL-23基因表达,改变Th17细胞、Treg细胞数量进而影响Th17/Treg平衡,可能是MP治疗AS相关机制之一,为AS治疗提供了新思路。
[参考文献]
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(收稿日期:2018-01-16)