2015～2017年全国卷中定语从句的难点与热点分析

山西省长治市武乡县一中 赵润芝

定语从句是考卷中的热点，每年的试卷上都有多处体现到定语从句。高考对定语从句的考查主要体现在三个方面。第一，篇章结构中定语从句的理解，这部分要求学生能正确划分句子结构，根据上下文语境来理解意思。第二，在语法填空和改错中选用正确的关系词。第三，定语从句在写作中的应用。本文将以从近三年全国卷对于定语从句的考查为依据，根据学生做题反馈，对定语从句的难点和热点进行整理分析。

一、定语从句在篇章理解中的难点

（一）定语从句关系词的省略

1.关系代词作宾语的省略

典型例题1.What I saw /was completely unlike anything/ I had experienced in the past50. This newness just left me wanting 51more. （2017 全国卷I完形填空）

考点分析：当关系代词在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。本句中anything之后省略了that，that在从句中作了experienced的宾语，可省略。

2.the way后的省略

典型例题1.“The music can’t be presented to day the way （it was in 1908 or 1958). It has to continue to move, because the way( the world works）is not the same,” says Moran.(2017全国卷I C篇）

典型例题2.Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way （you design your home ）could play a role in /whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.（2015 全国卷II B篇第一段）

考点分析：例题1和例题2中the way是先行词，后面都是省略了in which。The way 后面可以跟三种形式：省略、that和in which。例题1中的此句话正好是30题的答案。30题的问题为What can we infer about Moran’s opinion about jazz?根据译文“如今，音乐不能以1908年或者1958年的方式来呈现了。世界运行的方式在改变，音乐的表现形式也需要变化。”所以此处选择C选项， It should keep up with the time.

3.关系副词的省略

典型例题1.I am peter Hodes ,a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time (the stem cells are harvested from a donor )to the time (they can be implanted in the patient), we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time. （2016全国卷I C篇第一段）

考点分析：In all……这句话中，先找到from …to介词短语，短语中两处the time都用定语从句修饰，它们之后都是省略了关系副词when。此处考查定语从句关系副词when的省略，关系副词通常不省略，属于特殊情况。关系副词的省略情况有：①when用于day, year, time（表一段时间）等少数几个词后时可省略。②where用于place,somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略。③the reason 后why可省略。

思考与归纳：以上例句中可知定语从句关系词的省略符合以下两点。第一名词或代词之后直接跟了一套主谓结构。第二后面的结构修饰或限定了前面的名词或代词。在看到符合这两点情况时，考虑为定语从句关系词的省略。

（二）分割式定语从句

典型例题1.No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza （who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.）（2016 全国卷I B篇第二段）

典型例题2.His presence meant /that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class (whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.)（2016全国卷II B篇第二段）

分析：例题1中who的先行词为grandparents，因为who之后的动词是are moving，可知who指代了前面的复数名词。但like Garza却将它们分隔开了，例题2中 whose的先行词为assistant，但in class却将它们分隔开了。所以分隔式定语从句就是先行词与定语从句被某些主句成分分隔开来。

思考与归纳：这类定语从句的关键是找到正确的先行词。方法是顺着关系词向句子的左边找句中的名词或代词，将其代入到从句中，根据句意来确定。

（三）含有插入语的定语从句

典型例题1.Led by Professor Phil Blythe,the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers （which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.） （2017全国卷 III D篇第三段）

分析：这句话既是分割式定语从句又含有插入语，还有句子结构比较复杂，其中还包括led引导的非谓语作状语，分析句子结构时需要注意两点。第一，which引导的定语从句和它的先行词technologies被for older drivers分隔开来。第二，they hope 为句子的插入语，放在关系代词which的后面，将其与它的谓语动词与句中其余部分没有语法上的关系，可将其将其删去，简化句子。可作插入语成分一般为简短的结构，如（I/you/she..)+think /believe /suppose /know/ guess/hope 等，放在定语从句的关系词后面作插入语。

思考与归纳：对于含有插入语的定语从句。首先要观察它的位置，它位于关系词之后，并且是常见的插入语的结构，并且删去这个结构不影响句子的其他部分，句子成分仍完整。

总之，定语从句在篇章阅读中的考查主要体现在句子结构划分和句意的理解上，难度较高，考查的知识点较深。在学习此部分时，重点从定语从句句型特征入手，分解长难句式。要重视课文和真题阅读材料中出现的长难句，分析并整理，记在积累本上以供翻阅复习。

二、定语从句在语法填空和改错中的考查热点

（一）语法填空考点

1.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However, be careful not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 （which）is not good for the health.(2017 全国卷I )

2. But Sarah, 64(who)has taken part in show s along with top models wants to prove 65(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty she is dete rmined to carry on with her education 66(educate)（2017全国卷 III.）

（二）改错考点

1.In their spare time, they are interested i n planting vegetables in their garden, that（改为which）is on the rooftop of their house.(2017 全国II 卷)

2.Around me in picture are the things they（改为that/which）were very important in my life at that time,car magazines and musical instruments.（2017全国卷 III. ）

思考归纳：从以上考点整理当中可知，语法填空对定语从句关系词考查的出题频率要比改错高。从题型来看，2015考查的是限制性定语从句，2016和2017年的考点大部分都集中在了非限制性定语从句的考查，关系代词和关系副词都有考查，难度不高，比较容易得分。整体而言，语法填空和改错主要考查对于关系词的选用，近两年的热点在非限制性定语从句上，所以值得重视。

由以上两部分可知，定语从句在篇章阅读理解的考查重点与语法填空及改错中的考查重点不同，难易程度也不同，所以在复习中应该分别对待，按照各部分的考查特点复习。