立足阅读理解命题规律，反推试题解读技巧——以2017年高考全国卷阅读理解题型为例

山东 田本强

语篇阅读理解能力一直是高考英语试题考查的重点。高考英语阅读理解第一节，即四选一（下文简称阅读理解，不再注释第一节或四选一），是高考英语试题的经典题型。本文就阅读理解这种题型提出三个论断，然后通过实例分析、验证三个论断的合理性。

论断一：不管属于哪种类型的阅读理解题目，都可以在原文中找到答案的出题依据。

论断二：寻找原文依据的途径有两个：一个是根据题干找原文，另一个是根据选项找原文。

论断三：正确选项与原文语句之间的关系要么是词语重现，要么是同义表达。

根据高考英语考试大纲和考试说明对阅读理解能力的描述，可以把阅读理解题目的类型分为细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、语句理解题、观点态度题和主旨大意题等。阅读理解是基于原文、忠于原文的阅读，因此解答阅读理解题的基本原则是：不管属于哪种类型，都可以在原文中找到答案的出题依据。

根据题干的表述方式寻找原文依据的线索可以分为两类：一类是题干关键词，另一类是选项关键词。所谓关键词，通常是指名词、动词、形容词和副词四类实词。后文例题中，为了与需要推断词义或理解所指事物而使用单下划线的词相区别，关键词用双下划线标出。一般来讲，细节理解题、词义猜测题、语句理解题和多数推理题的线索多属于前一类；是非判断题、观点态度题和主旨大意题的线索多属于后一类。我们根据关键词语可以顺藤摸瓜寻找原文中的相关语句，从而确定题目的正确答案。因此，如何判定题目中的关键词是解题的关键。但在具体题目中，有些实词在原文中多处出现却不是关键词，因而不少学生找不到原文依据或者难以确定哪一处是原文依据。本文就关键词的判定也试图提供一些有用的技巧。

正确选项与原文语句之间的关系有两种：一种是词语重现，另一种是同义表达。词语重复通常不是原词的机械重复，而是使用本词的不同词形或同根词的派生词，甚至反义词。这两种关系是判断选项正确与否的依据。能否迅速准确地判断原文词句与正确选项之间的关系，归根结底还是取决于学生的词汇知识。

以上内容可以简单地概括为：一个原则，两类线索，两种关系。

下面分别以2017年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解第一节C篇和全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解第一节C篇为例，验证以上三个论断的合理性。

【例1】Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the fi rst annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO( United Nations Educational,Scientif i c and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its signif i cance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.

“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan.“What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”

Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.

Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran.“For me, it’s the recontextualization.In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans,gaining any insight(感 悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,”says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”

28.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?

A.To remember the birth of jazz.

B.To protect cultural diversity.

C.To encourage people to study music.

D.To recognize the value of jazz.

29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A.Jazz becoming more accessible.

B.The production of jazz growing faster.

C.Jazz being less popular with the young.

D.The jazz audience becoming larger.

30.What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?

A.It will disappear gradually.

B.It remains black and white.

C.It should keep up with the times.

D.It changes every 50 years.

31.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A.Exploring the Future of Jazz

B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz

C.The Story of a Jazz Musician

D.Celebrating the Jazz Day

第28题是细节理解题。根据题干中的UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day可以定位原文的第1段第2句。该句中的raise awareness of与D项中的recognize是同一表达，potential与value是近义词，因此D项正确。不定式短语to raise awareness of jazz music, its signif i cance,and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures在该句中作目的状语。目的关系在逻辑上属于因果关系，可以回答why引导的疑问句。

第29题是细节理解题。由题干中的that可以直接找到其所在句——第3段第1句，但还需要根据that的前指作用定位上一段，即第2段。第2段中的jazz audience continues to shrink与C项中的Jazz being less popular是同义表达，younger generations与the young存在重复词语young，所以C项是正确答案。

第30题是推理判断题。文中人物的观点、态度通常从他们的直接引语或间接引语中寻找或推断。原文中表达Moran’s opinion的地方有5处，分别是第3段第2句（Moran hopes），第4段第1句（Moran tells），第5段第1句（Moran says），第5段第2、3句（says Moran）和第6段第1句（says Moran）。这时只能与四个选项对照，逐一甄别。由第一处，即第3段第2句中的to widen the audience for jazz可知A项错误；由第2处，即第4段第2句中的jazz is not black and white anymore可知B项错误。C项中的should keep up与第4处，即第5段第3句中的has to continue to move是同义表达，因此C项为正确答案。

第31题是主旨大意题。题干中没有关键词。四个选项中均有Jazz，说明它是个主题词，这时需要先辨别各选项意思上的异同，再根据短文内容一一判断正误。选项A高度概括了第3段，尤其是第2句，关于Jason Moran’s job的具体内容，同时the future与第1段第2句中的potential是近义词。后文又用第4、5、6段详细叙述了他的工作计划和主要观点，所以A项正确。第3段第2句仅用history一词提及了爵士乐的历史，也在第2、4、5、6段多处指出它目前面临的问题——日益衰落，但未叙述它曾经的兴盛，与主要内容相比，B项显然是错误的。由第3段第2句中的As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz可知Moran是一位艺术顾问，而不是音乐家（musician），而且也没有提及他的生平事迹，所以C项是无中生有。D项对应的是第1段，而该段只是本文话题的引子。

【例2】After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s,wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源 ) for the wolf – grew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.

As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

28.What is the text mainly about?

A.Wildlife research in the United States.

B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.

C.The conf l ict between farmers and gray wolves.

D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.

29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A.Tested.

B.Separated.

C.Forced out.

D.Tracked down.

30.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?

A.Damage to local ecology.

B.A decline in the park’s income.

C.Preservation of vegetation.

D.An increase in the variety of animals.

31.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?

A.Doubtful.

B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.

D.Uncaring.

第28题是主旨大意题。选项D中关键词reintroduction和wolves在短文中重现了4次，Yellowstone和（或）Park更是重现了12次之多，因此D项为正确答案。

第29题是词义猜测题。题干已指明原文是第2段第1句。根据but的转折作用可知displaced与前分句中的seen here and there以及much的意思正好相反，与后文第2句中的disappeared相近，因此C项正确。

第30题是细节理解题。题干中的What...bring about与第3段第1句中的results是同义表达，后面的第2、3、4句是对后果的详细描述，而选项A正是对它们的高度概括，所以是正确答案。

第31题是观点态度题。由题干中专有名词the Yellowstone wolf project定位到原文最后一句，其中的valuable和 help表明作者对该工程的态度是肯定的，与positive意义相近，所以B项正确。作者的观点、态度通常是通过所使用的形容词和副词来表达的，有时也通过动词来传达。

根据以上题目分析，我们可以判断，前文三个论断基本上是真实的。限于时间和精力，笔者尚未对近几年的高考英语阅读理解原文与正确选项的关系进行数据统计。但有人对近三年（2015—2017年）全国卷阅读理解同义转换的试题进行了汇总，共计34道。这在一定程度上也证明了第三个论断是有一定价值的。

通过以上试题和解析，笔者就如何判定关键词提出以下几点建议：

1.专有名词通常是关键词；

2.特殊疑问词和四大实词多是关键词；

3.题干和选项中自己不认识的单词也可以作为关键词；

4.四个选项中有同一词时，该词是主题词，但不是关键词；

5.关键词在短文中出现不止一次时，要么需要一一甄别，要么需要综合概括。

我们还要注意一个基本事实：题目顺序与短文相关内容顺序一致。也就是说，第2题相对应的出题依据在第1题（主旨大意型题目除外）的原文之后，第3题的在第2题之后，以此类推。利用这个事实我们可以更快地定位原文依据。

最后是一点忠告：答案与原文词句之间的关系多是同义表达。如果某选项直接使用原文的词句，该选项一定不是正确答案。即使是原词重复，整个选项和原文依据之间仍然是同义表达。