七选五段中句题“1+6”解题策略

山东 李秀萍

阅读理解七选五根据设题位置通常分为：标题句、段首句、段中句和段尾句。标题句、段首句和段尾句通常是主题句或总结性的句子，目标比较单一，可以认真阅读文中的内容，根据分总、总分或总分总的段落结构，推断出主题句或总结句。段中句是一种细节理解题型，在段中设题位置比较灵活，可以靠前，可以靠后，似乎无踪可寻。然而只要我们遵循“承上启下”这一原则，理清段中句与上下文的六种关系：总分关系、例证关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系和并列关系，段中句题即可迎刃而解。下面以2017年高考阅读理解第二节七选五中的段中句题为例，印证一下段中句题“1+6”解题策略。

一个原则：承上启下原则

段中句每句都与本段主题紧密相连，支撑本段主题，且与上下文联系密切，即“承上启下”，因此，概括地说，都可以通过上下文的语义逻辑一致性原则来突破。

例1.【2017年全国卷Ⅱ】

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done.36 , there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s off i ce or in a public area

E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【解题思路】36.B。第一句是为了引出主题，说明“工作时受到打扰是最糟糕的事之一”，先提出了问题，那么如何解决呢? 下句就提出了解决问题的办法，B项“当你在工作中想免受打扰时”，与后面的主句“有几种处理办法”紧密衔接，故而选B。

六种关系：总分关系、例证关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系和并列关系

在遵循“承上启下”的原则下，可以分析段中句与上下文的具体关系，从而锁定正确选项。

一、总分关系

设空句与下文是总分关系，是段落主题句。段落主题句通常以概括性的、理论性的、评价性的或比较抽象的内容为主，是理解这一段的主要内容的关键，而下文往往是一些具体的实例，因此要求考生在理解下文的事实基础上能运用概括、归纳等逻辑思维来合理地概括总结。

例2.【2017年全国卷Ⅰ】

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fi re, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【解题思路】37.C。根据下文具体描述的实例“睡帐篷、在篝火上做饭、走长距离的路去洗澡以及这次野营带来的晒伤和治疗儿子食物中毒的账单”可知，这次野营并非易事，可以推断设题句是主题句，与下文是总分关系，故选C项。

二、例证关系

设题句是为了证明前面的主题句而举的例子。例证关系就是具体的实例和抽象的观点的关系，因此需要从实例到观点的或从观点到例子的归纳或推断。这类题可在遵循“承上启下”的原则下，结合语境或上下文的复现词或近义词等进行简单的推断，或根据文章的关键词找到正确选项。

例3.【2017年全国卷Ⅱ】

If you have a door to your off i ce, make good use of it.40.If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示 ) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s off i ce or in a public area

E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【解题思路】40.G。段首句即本段主题句：“你的办公室有门的话，好好利用它”。给读者提供了一个“免受打扰”的策略，那么具体如何实施呢？下文肯定要举例进行详细说明，G选项中的指代词“it”即代指主题句中的“door”，再结合下文一个相反的实例，锁定G项。

三、转折关系

转折关系即设题句前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转关系，前后两种情况相反或是对比关系。这类题中出现的表示转折关系的连接词有：however(然而)，nevertheless(然而,不过)，though(不过,然而)，instead(代替)，on the contrary（相反), otherwise(否则)等。

例4.【2017年全国卷Ⅰ】

I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness.38 Instead, we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【解题思路】38.A。段首句是本段的主题句，下文展开详细的举例说明。由题空后转折副词“Instead”后的描述“这次我们有配备着舒适的床和空调的野营车”可锁定A选项“这次野营没有使用帐篷”。

四、因果关系

因果关系即前后的句子有原因和结果的关系，说明前后句子是前因后果或前果后因的关系。表示因果关系的连接词有：so（因此），therefore（因此），as a result/consequence（结果）等以及常用句型that’s because + 原因，that’s why + 结果，the reason why...is that...等。

例5.【2017年北京卷】

One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.72 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.

A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B.It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.

D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E.That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.

G.Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections,or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.

【解题思路】72.E。段首句是本段主题句，“睡眠能帮助我们加强记忆”，提出一个依据，以此为据可以推断出下句“学习后有机会休息的学生在考试中表现更好”，属于前因后果，故选E项。

五、递进关系

递进关系指在行文中后句与前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。表示递进关系的连接词语有：moreover(而且，此外)，furthermore(另外 )，or rather(更确切地说 )，similarly(类似地，同样地)，in addition(另外，再者)，what’s more(另外，还有)等。

例6.【2017年北京卷】

Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month.71

…

Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size.75 “You keep what matters,”Tononi says.

A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B.It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.

D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E.That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.

G.Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections,or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.

【解题思路】71.C。段首句是本段主题句,“每种动物都需要睡眠”，提出一个论点，接下来具体例证,“如果实验室的老鼠被剥夺了睡眠，一月内就会死去”,而本文主要说明的是人类睡眠的原因及睡眠对人类的影响，因此，自然就由实验鼠进一步引到人类身上,“同样地，人类如果几天不睡觉，也会生病”,也为引出下段内容陈述这种现象的原因做了铺垫，故选C项。

75.B。题前、题中、题后三句均为层层递进关系。上句说明了“一些（神经元的）突触似乎得到了保护，保持了原来的大小”,题中句进一步说明“似乎大脑在保存它最重要的记忆”,题后句又顺承总结“你就记住了要紧的事情”,故选B项。

六、并列关系

并列关系即前后句是平行关系。常用的标志词语有：first（ly），second（ly），third（ly）...（首先，第二，第三）；first，next，then...（首先，其次，再次）；for one thing，for another（thing）（ 首 先，其 次 ）；on one thing，on another（一方面，另一方面）；one...，the other（一者，另一者）；some...，others（一些，另一些）等。

例7.【2017年全国卷Ⅲ】

Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record.40 If not,take another look at other methods you could try.

A.Get a sleep specialist.

B.Find the right motivation.

C.A better plan for sleep can help.

D.And consider setting a second alarm.

E.If the steps you take are working, keep it up.

F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.

G.Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.

【解题思路】 40.E。本段的段首句即主题句，讲的是“每周都要记录评价你的计划，一周后审查一下记录，即评估一下实施计划的成效如何”,因此承接上句“如果有效就坚持”,又与下句并列“如果无效就看看其他可以尝试的方法”,故选E项。

以上介绍的“1 + 6”阅读理解第二节七选五中的段中句的解题方法在实战中行之有效，只要在读题时沉下心来正确分析设题处与上下文的逻辑关系，这种题目就会迎刃而解。